Td corrigé La créatinine - ORBi pdf

La créatinine - ORBi

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La créatinine : d’hier à aujourd’hui

Creatinine : past and present


Rubrique
Article de synthèse

Auteurs
Pierre Delanaye1, Etienne Cavalier2, Nicolas Maillard3, Jean-Marie Krzesinski1, Christophe Mariat3, Jean-Paul Cristol4, Laurence Piéroni5.


1 Université de Liège, Service de Néphrologie-Dialyse-Transplantation rénale, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgique
2 Université de Liège, Service de Chimie Médicale, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgique.
3 Université de Saint-Etienne, Service de Néphrologie-Dialyse-Transplantation rénale, Hôpital Nord, Saint-Etienne, France
4 Université de Montpellier, Service de Biochimie, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
5 Service de Biochimie Métabolique, Groupe Hospitalier La Pitié-Salpétrière, AP-HP, Paris, France

Correspondant
Pierre Delanaye, Service de Dialyse, CHU Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgique
Tel : + 32 43667111
Fax : + 32 43667205
E-mail : pierre_delanaye@yahoo.fr

Mots-clés
Créatinine - Débit de filtration glomérulaire - Interférences
Creatinine - Glomerular filtration rate – Interferences
Résumé
Le dosage de la créatinine sérique est un dosage biologique très fréquemment réalisé en pratique quotidienne. Dans cet article de synthèse, nous passerons en revue les données historiques concernant ce marqueur et les différentes modalités pour sa quantification. Nous développons également les bases physiologiques de son utilisation pour l’estimation de la fonction glomérulaire et leurs limites, tant analytiques que physiologiques. L’utilité de la clairance urinaire de créatinine est enfin largement discutée.
Abstract
Serum creatinine is certainly one of the most precribed biological parameters. In this review article, we remind some historical data regarding creatinine. Different methodologies to measure creatinine in blood and urine are deeply described. We also discuss the physiological reason for its use as a glomerular filtration rate marker. However, analytical and physiological limitations will be described and discussed. Creatinine clearance usefulness is finally largely discussed.














1 Historique
Le terme créatinine fut probablement employé la première fois en 1847 par Justus von Liebig lorsqu’il décrivit la substance obtenue après avoir chauffé de la créatine en présence de sels minéraux  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Liebig1847845Kreatin und Kreatinin, Bestandtheile des Harns der MenschenJournal845Kreatin und Kreatinin, Bestandtheile des Harns der MenschenLiebig,J1847Not in File288292J.Prakt.Chem.40J.Prakt.Chem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Liebig1847845Kreatin und Kreatinin, Bestandtheile des Harns der MenschenJournal845Kreatin und Kreatinin, Bestandtheile des Harns der MenschenLiebig,J1847Not in File288292J.Prakt.Chem.40J.Prakt.Chem.1[1][1]. Aujourd’hui, c’est toujours l’un des dosages biologiques les plus prescrits en pratique clinique. C’est pourtant le dosage de l’urée qui fut d’abord utilisé pour évaluer la fonction rénale aux Etats-Unis. Le terme de clairance fut employé pour la première fois en 1929 par l’américain Möller et concernait l’urée  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Möller1929780Studies of urea excretion. II. Relationship between urine volume and the rate of urea excretion by normal adultsJournal780Studies of urea excretion. II. Relationship between urine volume and the rate of urea excretion by normal adultsMöller,E.McIntosh,J.F.Van Slycke,D.D.1929UreaurineAdultNot in File427465J Clin Invest63J Clin Invest1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Möller1929780Studies of urea excretion. II. Relationship between urine volume and the rate of urea excretion by normal adultsJournal780Studies of urea excretion. II. Relationship between urine volume and the rate of urea excretion by normal adultsMöller,E.McIntosh,J.F.Van Slycke,D.D.1929UreaurineAdultNot in File427465J Clin Invest63J Clin Invest1[2].L’utilisation de la créatinine, et plus précisément de la clairance de créatinine, pour étudier la fonction rénale est liée aux travaux de Rehberg et Holten, physiologistes danois, au milieu des années 20. Le but de ces auteurs, et c’est bien là un paradoxe, était de démontrer que la créatinine était sécrétée au niveau tubulaire  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Rehberg1926791Studies on Kidney Function: The Rate of Filtration and Reabsorption in the Human KidneyJournal791Studies on Kidney Function: The Rate of Filtration and Reabsorption in the Human KidneyRehberg,P.B.1926HumanKidneyLaboratoriesNot in File447460Biochem.J203The Laboratory of Zoophysiology, University of CopenhagenPM:16743679Biochem.J1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Rehberg1926791Studies on Kidney Function: The Rate of Filtration and Reabsorption in the Human KidneyJournal791Studies on Kidney Function: The Rate of Filtration and Reabsorption in the Human KidneyRehberg,P.B.1926HumanKidneyLaboratoriesNot in File447460Biochem.J203The Laboratory of Zoophysiology, University of CopenhagenPM:16743679Biochem.J1[3]. Néanmoins, l’intérêt de ce marqueur et sa préséance sur l’urée dans la mesure de la filtration rénale seront définitivement admis  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Smith195117The kidney: Structure and function in health and disease.Book, Whole17The kidney: Structure and function in health and disease.Smith,H.W.1951KidneyNot in File11049New YorkOxford University Press Inc2 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Smith195117The kidney: Structure and function in health and disease.Book, Whole17The kidney: Structure and function in health and disease.Smith,H.W.1951KidneyNot in File11049New YorkOxford University Press Inc2Hayman1933805A comparison of the creatinine and urea clearance tests of kidney functionJournal805A comparison of the creatinine and urea clearance tests of kidney functionHayman,J.M.Halsted,J.A.Seyler,L.E.1933CreatinineUreaKidneyNot in File861875J Clin Invest12J Clin Invest1[4][4,5]. D’abord utilisée avec un apport exogène de créatinine pour augmenter sa concentration sérique et permettre sa mesure plus facilement,  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Rehberg1926791Studies on Kidney Function: The Rate of Filtration and Reabsorption in the Human KidneyJournal791Studies on Kidney Function: The Rate of Filtration and Reabsorption in the Human KidneyRehberg,P.B.1926HumanKidneyLaboratoriesNot in File447460Biochem.J203The Laboratory of Zoophysiology, University of CopenhagenPM:16743679Biochem.J1Shannon1935793The renal excretion of creatinine in manJournal793The renal excretion of creatinine in manShannon,J.A.1935/7CreatinineNew YorkphysiologyNot in File403410J Clin Invest144The Department of Physiology, New York University College of Medicine, New York CityPM:16694314J Clin Invest1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Rehberg1926791Studies on Kidney Function: The Rate of Filtration and Reabsorption in the Human KidneyJournal791Studies on Kidney Function: The Rate of Filtration and Reabsorption in the Human KidneyRehberg,P.B.1926HumanKidneyLaboratoriesNot in File447460Biochem.J203The Laboratory of Zoophysiology, University of CopenhagenPM:16743679Biochem.J1Hayman1933805A comparison of the creatinine and urea clearance tests of kidney functionJournal805A comparison of the creatinine and urea clearance tests of kidney functionHayman,J.M.Halsted,J.A.Seyler,L.E.1933CreatinineUreaKidneyNot in File861875J Clin Invest12J Clin Invest1Shannon1935793The renal excretion of creatinine in manJournal793The renal excretion of creatinine in manShannon,J.A.1935/7CreatinineNew YorkphysiologyNot in File403410J Clin Invest144The Department of Physiology, New York University College of Medicine, New York CityPM:16694314J Clin Invest1[3,5][3,5,6], la clairance de créatinine endogène sera étudiée et utilisée dès la fin des années trente  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Miller1938792The renal excretion of endogenous creatinine in man. Comparison with exogenous creatinine and inulinJournal792The renal excretion of endogenous creatinine in man. Comparison with exogenous creatinine and inulinMiller,B.F.Winkler,A.W.1938/1CreatinineInulinNew YorkNot in File3140J Clin Invest171Hospital of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New YorkPM:16694545J Clin Invest1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Miller1938792The renal excretion of endogenous creatinine in man. Comparison with exogenous creatinine and inulinJournal792The renal excretion of endogenous creatinine in man. Comparison with exogenous creatinine and inulinMiller,B.F.Winkler,A.W.1938/1CreatinineInulinNew YorkNot in File3140J Clin Invest171Hospital of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New YorkPM:16694545J Clin Invest1Findley19381144The excretion of endogenous "creatinine" by the human kidneyJournal1144The excretion of endogenous "creatinine" by the human kidneyFindley,T.Jr.1938HumanKidneyNot in File260265Am J Physiol123Am J Physiol1[6][7,8].
Si la créatinine est, à ce jour, le seul marqueur circulant utilisé en pratique quotidienne pour évaluer la fonction rénale , en particulier le fonction glomérulaire, son utilisation correcte reste souvent problématique. Les raisons en sont à la fois physiologiques (liées au fait que la créatinine est loin d’être un marqueur idéal du débit de filtration glomérulaire (DFG)) et analytiques. Dans cet article, nous reverrons successivement :
- la problématique liée au dosage de la créatinine
- la physiologie de la créatinine, notamment à la lumière des caractéristiques nécessaires à un marqueur « idéal » de la fonction rénale
- les variations de créatinine non liées à une modification du DFG (interférences analytiques et physiologiques).
- les forces et les limitations de la clairance de créatinine

2 La mesure de la créatinine dans le sang et les urines : considérations analytiques
2.1 Introduction
L’ancienneté, la rapidité et la fréquence de la mesure de la créatinine ne doivent pas faire oublier les difficultés du dosage. La créatinine peut être mesurée dans le sang et les urines par deux grands types de techniques : d’une part les méthodes dérivées de la classique réaction de Jaffe, dites colorimétriques, et d’autre part les méthodes enzymatiques.
2.2 Méthodes basées sur la réaction de Jaffe
En 1886, Jaffe décrit la réaction, qui portera son nom, entre le picrate et la créatinine, qui, en milieu alcalin, donne une solution de couleur rouge-orange  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Jaffe1886143Ueber den Neiderschlag, welchen Pikrinsäre in normalen Harn erzeugt und über eine neue Reaktion des KreatininsJournal143Ueber den Neiderschlag, welchen Pikrinsäre in normalen Harn erzeugt und über eine neue Reaktion des KreatininsJaffe,M1886Not in File391400Z.Physiol.Chem.10Z.Physiol.Chem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Jaffe1886143Ueber den Neiderschlag, welchen Pikrinsäre in normalen Harn erzeugt und über eine neue Reaktion des KreatininsJournal143Ueber den Neiderschlag, welchen Pikrinsäre in normalen Harn erzeugt und über eine neue Reaktion des KreatininsJaffe,M1886Not in File391400Z.Physiol.Chem.10Z.Physiol.Chem.1[7][9]. La présence d’une quantité mesurable de créatinine dans les urines sera rapidement confirmée par plusieurs auteurs fin du XIXème - début du XXème  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Johnson1894827Some common sources of errors in testing for sugar in the urineJournal827Some common sources of errors in testing for sugar in the urineJohnson,G.1894urineNot in File1113Lancet1443697Lancet1Colls1896802Notes on creatinineJournal802Notes on creatinineColls,P.C.1896CreatinineNot in File107111J Physiol202-3J Physiol1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Johnson1894827Some common sources of errors in testing for sugar in the urineJournal827Some common sources of errors in testing for sugar in the urineJohnson,G.1894urineNot in File1113Lancet1443697Lancet1Colls1896802Notes on creatinineJournal802Notes on creatinineColls,P.C.1896CreatinineNot in File107111J Physiol202-3J Physiol1[8,9][10,11]. En 1905, Folin est le premier à véritablement quantifier, par colorimétrie, la créatinine dans les urines  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Folin1905803Approximately complete analyses of thirty "normal" urinesJournal803Approximately complete analyses of thirty "normal" urinesFolin,O.1905urineNot in File4565Am J Physiol13Am J Physiol1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Folin1905803Approximately complete analyses of thirty "normal" urinesJournal803Approximately complete analyses of thirty "normal" urinesFolin,O.1905urineNot in File4565Am J Physiol13Am J Physiol1[10][12]. La détection puis la quantification de la créatinine dans le sang, initialement débattues  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Gaebler1930804Further studies of blood creatinineJournal804Further studies of blood creatinineGaebler,O.H.1930bloodCreatinineNot in File451466J Biol Chem891J Biol Chem1Behre1922808Studies in creatine and creatinine metabolism. IV. On the question of the occurence of creatinine and creatine in bloodJournal808Studies in creatine and creatinine metabolism. IV. On the question of the occurence of creatinine and creatine in bloodBehre,J.A.Benedict,S.R.1922CreatineCreatininemetabolismbloodNot in File1133J Biol Chem52J Biol Chem1[13,14] : les références ici sont de 1930 et 1922, seront décrites plus tardivement  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Gaebler1930804Further studies of blood creatinineJournal804Further studies of blood creatinineGaebler,O.H.1930bloodCreatinineNot in File451466J Biol Chem891J Biol Chem1Hayman1935817On the presence of creatinine in bloodJournal817On the presence of creatinine in bloodHayman,J.M.Johnston,S.M.Bender,J.A.1935bloodCreatinineNot in File675691J.Biol.Chem.108J.Biol.Chem.1[11,12].  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Colls1896802Notes on creatinineJournal802Notes on creatinineColls,P.C.1896CreatinineNot in File107111J Physiol202-3J Physiol1Folin1905803Approximately complete analyses of thirty "normal" urinesJournal803Approximately complete analyses of thirty "normal" urinesFolin,O.1905urineNot in File4565Am J Physiol13Am J Physiol1[11,12] : attention les références ne sont pas les bonnes : Colls 1896 et Folin 1905.Peux tu vérifier les réf ?
Ce décalage dans le temps entre détection urinaire et sanguine est lié au manque de sensibilité et de spécificité des premières études  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Hunter1917810The probable accuracy, in whole blood and plasma, of colorimetric determinations of creatinine and creatineJournal810The probable accuracy, in whole blood and plasma, of colorimetric determinations of creatinine and creatineHunter,A.Campbell,W.R.1917bloodCreatineCreatininePlasmaNot in File195231J Biol Chem32J Biol Chem1Greenwald1918824The estimation of creatinine and of creatine in the bloodJournal824The estimation of creatinine and of creatine in the bloodGreenwald,I.McGuire,J.B.1918CreatinineCreatinebloodNot in File103109J.Biol.Chem.33J.Biol.Chem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Hunter1917810The probable accuracy, in whole blood and plasma, of colorimetric determinations of creatinine and creatineJournal810The probable accuracy, in whole blood and plasma, of colorimetric determinations of creatinine and creatineHunter,A.Campbell,W.R.1917bloodCreatineCreatininePlasmaNot in File195231J Biol Chem32J Biol Chem1Greenwald1918824The estimation of creatinine and of creatine in the bloodJournal824The estimation of creatinine and of creatine in the bloodGreenwald,I.McGuire,J.B.1918CreatinineCreatinebloodNot in File103109J.Biol.Chem.33J.Biol.Chem.1Gettler1916825Chemical and physical analysis of blood in thirty normal casesJournal825Chemical and physical analysis of blood in thirty normal casesGettler,A.O.Baker,W.J.1916analysisbloodNot in File211222J.Biol.Chem.25J.Biol.Chem.1[13,14][15-17]. De fait, Abderhalden, en 1924, avait déjà démontré que les protéines peuvent intervenir dans la réaction de Jaffe et donc faussement élever la concentration en créatinine  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Abderhalden1924944Uber die Anhydridstrukter der ProteineJournal944Uber die Anhydridstrukter der ProteineAbderhalden,E.Komm,E.1924Not in File181Z.Physiol.Chem.139Z.Physiol.Chem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Abderhalden1924944Uber die Anhydridstrukter der ProteineJournal944Uber die Anhydridstrukter der ProteineAbderhalden,E.Komm,E.1924Not in File181Z.Physiol.Chem.139Z.Physiol.Chem.1[15][18]. Par conséquent, par la suite, toutes les analyses manuelles seront réalisées sur du sérum déprotéinisé. En 1928, Hunter donne une liste de 38 composés théoriquement susceptibles d’interférer avec la réaction de Jaffe  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Hunter1928811Creatine and creatinineSerial (Book,Monograph)811Creatine and creatinineHunter,A.1928CreatineCreatinineBiochemistryNot in File1231London : Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd.Monographs on biochemistry25 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Hunter1928811Creatine and creatinineSerial (Book,Monograph)811Creatine and creatinineHunter,A.1928CreatineCreatinineBiochemistryNot in File1231London : Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd.Monographs on biochemistry25[16][19]. Dans les années suivantes, d’autres auteurs confirmeront que la réaction de Jaffe n’est pas spécifique à la créatinine même après déprotéinisation  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Gaebler1930804Further studies of blood creatinineJournal804Further studies of blood creatinineGaebler,O.H.1930bloodCreatinineNot in File451466J Biol Chem891J Biol Chem1Miller1937813Studies on the presence of creatinine in human bloodJournal813Studies on the presence of creatinine in human bloodMiller,B.F.Dubos,R.1937CreatinineHumanbloodNot in File447456J.Biol.Chem.121J.Biol.Chem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Gaebler1930804Further studies of blood creatinineJournal804Further studies of blood creatinineGaebler,O.H.1930bloodCreatinineNot in File451466J Biol Chem891J Biol Chem1Miller1937813Studies on the presence of creatinine in human bloodJournal813Studies on the presence of creatinine in human bloodMiller,B.F.Dubos,R.1937CreatinineHumanbloodNot in File447456J.Biol.Chem.121J.Biol.Chem.1[11,17][13,20]. Les difficultés historiques sur la mise au point du dosage de la créatinine sérique chez le sujet sain illustre bien le problème lié aux composants interférant dans la réaction de Jaffe, appelés pseudochromogènes. Ces pseudochromogènes ont une concentration plus ou moins stable mais leur concentration exacte reste imprédictible pour un patient donné  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Miller1937813Studies on the presence of creatinine in human bloodJournal813Studies on the presence of creatinine in human bloodMiller,B.F.Dubos,R.1937CreatinineHumanbloodNot in File447456J.Biol.Chem.121J.Biol.Chem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE DOOLAN1962786A clinical appraisal of the plasma concentration and endogenous clearance of creatinineJournal786A clinical appraisal of the plasma concentration and endogenous clearance of creatinineDOOLAN,P.D.ALPEN,E.L.THEIL,G.B.1962/1CreatineCreatinineKidney Function TestsmetabolismPlasmaNot in File6579Am J Med.32PM:13887292Am J Med.1Miller1937813Studies on the presence of creatinine in human bloodJournal813Studies on the presence of creatinine in human bloodMiller,B.F.Dubos,R.1937CreatinineHumanbloodNot in File447456J.Biol.Chem.121J.Biol.Chem.1[17][20,21]. L’effet « pseudochromogènes » sera logiquement d’autant plus important sur le résultat final de créatinine que celle-ci se situe dans des valeurs basses  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE DOOLAN1962786A clinical appraisal of the plasma concentration and endogenous clearance of creatinineJournal786A clinical appraisal of the plasma concentration and endogenous clearance of creatinineDOOLAN,P.D.ALPEN,E.L.THEIL,G.B.1962/1CreatineCreatinineKidney Function TestsmetabolismPlasmaNot in File6579Am J Med.32PM:13887292Am J Med.1[21]. 
Sensu stricto, le terme « pseudochromogènes » n’est pas tout à fait adapté car si certaines substances interagissent bien avec le picrate pour donner un complexe coloré (acétoacétate, pyruvate, acides cétoniques, protéines) d’autres substances agissent, plus indirectement, via une modification de la réaction entre la créatinine et le picrate (par exemple, le glucose et l’ascorbate diminuent la concentration effective de picrate alcalin) ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Cook1975787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineJournal787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineCook,J.G.1975/11BiochemistrybloodBufferschemistryCreatinineEnzymesHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationpharmacologyPicratesQuality ControlRetrospective StudiesSodiumSodium HydroxideSpectrophotometry,UltravioletTemperatureTime FactorsurineNot in File219232Ann.Clin Biochem.126Department of Biochemistry, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton BN2 5BEPM:15637880Ann.Clin Biochem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Cook1975787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineJournal787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineCook,J.G.1975/11BiochemistrybloodBufferschemistryCreatinineEnzymesHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationpharmacologyPicratesQuality ControlRetrospective StudiesSodiumSodium HydroxideSpectrophotometry,UltravioletTemperatureTime FactorsurineNot in File219232Ann.Clin Biochem.126Department of Biochemistry, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton BN2 5BEPM:15637880Ann.Clin Biochem.1[18][22]. Les pseudochromogènes sont nombreux et peuvent participer jusqu’à 15-20% dans la réaction (pour une créatinine située dans les concentrations normales  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Hunter1917810The probable accuracy, in whole blood and plasma, of colorimetric determinations of creatinine and creatineJournal810The probable accuracy, in whole blood and plasma, of colorimetric determinations of creatinine and creatineHunter,A.Campbell,W.R.1917bloodCreatineCreatininePlasmaNot in File195231J Biol Chem32J Biol Chem1Danielson1936816On the presence of creatinine in bloodJournal816On the presence of creatinine in bloodDanielson,I.S.1936CreatininebloodNot in File181195J.Biol.Chem.113J.Biol.Chem.1Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1Bauer1982282Clinical appraisal of creatinine clearance as a measurement of glomerular filtration rateJournal282Clinical appraisal of creatinine clearance as a measurement of glomerular filtration rateBauer,J.H.Brooks,C.S.Burch,R.N.1982/11AdultbloodCreatininediagnostic useGlomerular Filtration RateHumanHumansHypertensionInulinKidney DiseasesMaleMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismMiddle AgedPlasmaReference ValuesResearch Support,U.S.Gov't,Non-P.H.S.secretionNot in File337346Am.J.Kidney Dis.23PM:7148824Am.J.Kidney Dis.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Hunter1917810The probable accuracy, in whole blood and plasma, of colorimetric determinations of creatinine and creatineJournal810The probable accuracy, in whole blood and plasma, of colorimetric determinations of creatinine and creatineHunter,A.Campbell,W.R.1917bloodCreatineCreatininePlasmaNot in File195231J Biol Chem32J Biol Chem1Danielson1936816On the presence of creatinine in bloodJournal816On the presence of creatinine in bloodDanielson,I.S.1936CreatininebloodNot in File181195J.Biol.Chem.113J.Biol.Chem.1Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1HAUGEN1953896The true endogenous creatinine clearanceJournal896The true endogenous creatinine clearanceHAUGEN,H.N.BLEGEN,E.M.1953bloodCreatinineNot in File6771Scand.J Clin Lab Invest51PM:13064616Scand.J Clin Lab Invest1Bauer1982282Clinical appraisal of creatinine clearance as a measurement of glomerular filtration rateJournal282Clinical appraisal of creatinine clearance as a measurement of glomerular filtration rateBauer,J.H.Brooks,C.S.Burch,R.N.1982/11AdultbloodCreatininediagnostic useGlomerular Filtration RateHumanHumansHypertensionInulinKidney DiseasesMaleMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismMiddle AgedPlasmaReference ValuesResearch Support,U.S.Gov't,Non-P.H.S.secretionNot in File337346Am.J.Kidney Dis.23PM:7148824Am.J.Kidney Dis.1[13,19-21][15,23-26]. Des valeurs encore plus faussement élevées de créatinine pourront se voir dans certaines situations cliniques particulières, comme l’acidocétose, dans laquelle la concentration d’acétoacétate peut être très élevée  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Gerard1985903Characterization of creatinine error in ketotic patients. A prospective comparison of alkaline picrate methods with an enzymatic methodJournal903Characterization of creatinine error in ketotic patients. A prospective comparison of alkaline picrate methods with an enzymatic methodGerard,S.K.Khayam-Bashi,H.1985/11AcetoacetatesAcidosisAdolescentAdultAgedbloodChildChild,PreschoolComparative StudyCreatinineFemaleHumansInpatientsKetonesKetosisMaleMethodsMiddle AgedPicratesProspective StudiesTime FactorsNot in File659664Am J Clin Pathol.845PM:4061391Am J Clin Pathol.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Gerard1985903Characterization of creatinine error in ketotic patients. A prospective comparison of alkaline picrate methods with an enzymatic methodJournal903Characterization of creatinine error in ketotic patients. A prospective comparison of alkaline picrate methods with an enzymatic methodGerard,S.K.Khayam-Bashi,H.1985/11AcetoacetatesAcidosisAdolescentAdultAgedbloodChildChild,PreschoolComparative StudyCreatinineFemaleHumansInpatientsKetonesKetosisMaleMethodsMiddle AgedPicratesProspective StudiesTime FactorsNot in File659664Am J Clin Pathol.845PM:4061391Am J Clin Pathol.1Molitch1980914Spurious serum creatinine elevations in ketoacidosisJournal914Spurious serum creatinine elevations in ketoacidosisMolitch,M.E.Rodman,E.Hirsch,C.A.Dubinsky,E.1980/8AcetoacetatesAdultAutoanalysisAzotemiabloodBlood Urea NitrogenCreatinineDiabetic KetoacidosisFemaleHumansMethodsNitrogenSerumUreaNot in File280281Ann.Intern.Med.932PM:6773457Ann.Intern.Med.1[22][27,28].
Pour contourner l’effet des pseudochromogènes, les premiers chercheurs ont pensé utiliser des chélateurs sensés extraire la créatinine ou les pseudochromogènes (l’analyse étant réalisée par réaction de Jaffe avant et après extraction, la soustraction des deux donnait évidemment la créatinine « vraie »)  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Gaebler1930804Further studies of blood creatinineJournal804Further studies of blood creatinineGaebler,O.H.1930bloodCreatinineNot in File451466J Biol Chem891J Biol Chem1Hayman1935817On the presence of creatinine in bloodJournal817On the presence of creatinine in bloodHayman,J.M.Johnston,S.M.Bender,J.A.1935bloodCreatinineNot in File675691J.Biol.Chem.108J.Biol.Chem.1HAUGEN1953896The true endogenous creatinine clearanceJournal896The true endogenous creatinine clearanceHAUGEN,H.N.BLEGEN,E.M.1953bloodCreatinineNot in File6771Scand.J Clin Lab Invest51PM:13064616Scand.J Clin Lab Invest1Cook1975787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineJournal787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineCook,J.G.1975/11BiochemistrybloodBufferschemistryCreatinineEnzymesHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationpharmacologyPicratesQuality ControlRetrospective StudiesSodiumSodium HydroxideSpectrophotometry,UltravioletTemperatureTime FactorsurineNot in File219232Ann.Clin Biochem.126Department of Biochemistry, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton BN2 5BEPM:15637880Ann.Clin Biochem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Gaebler1930804Further studies of blood creatinineJournal804Further studies of blood creatinineGaebler,O.H.1930bloodCreatinineNot in File451466J Biol Chem891J Biol Chem1Hayman1935817On the presence of creatinine in bloodJournal817On the presence of creatinine in bloodHayman,J.M.Johnston,S.M.Bender,J.A.1935bloodCreatinineNot in File675691J.Biol.Chem.108J.Biol.Chem.1Danielson1936816On the presence of creatinine in bloodJournal816On the presence of creatinine in bloodDanielson,I.S.1936CreatininebloodNot in File181195J.Biol.Chem.113J.Biol.Chem.1HAUGEN1953896The true endogenous creatinine clearanceJournal896The true endogenous creatinine clearanceHAUGEN,H.N.BLEGEN,E.M.1953bloodCreatinineNot in File6771Scand.J Clin Lab Invest51PM:13064616Scand.J Clin Lab Invest1Cook1975787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineJournal787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineCook,J.G.1975/11BiochemistrybloodBufferschemistryCreatinineEnzymesHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationpharmacologyPicratesQuality ControlRetrospective StudiesSodiumSodium HydroxideSpectrophotometry,UltravioletTemperatureTime FactorsurineNot in File219232Ann.Clin Biochem.126Department of Biochemistry, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton BN2 5BEPM:15637880Ann.Clin Biochem.1[11,12,18,23][13,22,23,25,29]. Ces méthodes restaient bien évidemment manuelles et assez lourdes à mettre en place.
Au début des années 70, les premiers automates de biologie clinique font leur apparition, ce qui peut être considéré comme une véritable révolution technologique dans le domaine  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Fabiny1971945Automated reaction-rate method for determination of serum creatinine with the CentrifiChemJournal945Automated reaction-rate method for determination of serum creatinine with the CentrifiChemFabiny,D.L.Ertingshausen,G.1971/8AcetoacetatesAutoanalysisbloodBlood Chemical AnalysisCentrifugationChemical PhenomenachemistryCreatinineDeuteriumDimethyl SulfoxideGlucoseinstrumentationIon Exchange ResinsIsomerismKineticsMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyMethodsPicratesSerumSerum AlbuminStatistics as TopicStereoisomerismNot in File696700Clin Chem178PM:5562281Clin Chem1Cook1975787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineJournal787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineCook,J.G.1975/11BiochemistrybloodBufferschemistryCreatinineEnzymesHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationpharmacologyPicratesQuality ControlRetrospective StudiesSodiumSodium HydroxideSpectrophotometry,UltravioletTemperatureTime FactorsurineNot in File219232Ann.Clin Biochem.126Department of Biochemistry, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton BN2 5BEPM:15637880Ann.Clin Biochem.1Lustgarten1972861Simple, rapid, kinetic method for serum creatinine measurementJournal861Simple, rapid, kinetic method for serum creatinine measurementLustgarten,J.A.Wenk,R.E.1972/11AcetoneAutoanalysisbloodBlood GlucoseBlood Urea NitrogenComparative StudyCreatinineHemolysisHumansJaundiceKineticsLipidsMathematicsMethodsPicratesRenal DialysisSerumSpectrophotometryTemperatureurineNot in File14191422Clin Chem1811PM:4652842Clin Chem1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Fabiny1971945Automated reaction-rate method for determination of serum creatinine with the CentrifiChemJournal945Automated reaction-rate method for determination of serum creatinine with the CentrifiChemFabiny,D.L.Ertingshausen,G.1971/8AcetoacetatesAutoanalysisbloodBlood Chemical AnalysisCentrifugationChemical PhenomenachemistryCreatinineDeuteriumDimethyl SulfoxideGlucoseinstrumentationIon Exchange ResinsIsomerismKineticsMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyMethodsPicratesSerumSerum AlbuminStatistics as TopicStereoisomerismNot in File696700Clin Chem178PM:5562281Clin Chem1Cook1975787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineJournal787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineCook,J.G.1975/11BiochemistrybloodBufferschemistryCreatinineEnzymesHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationpharmacologyPicratesQuality ControlRetrospective StudiesSodiumSodium HydroxideSpectrophotometry,UltravioletTemperatureTime FactorsurineNot in File219232Ann.Clin Biochem.126Department of Biochemistry, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton BN2 5BEPM:15637880Ann.Clin Biochem.1Lustgarten1972861Simple, rapid, kinetic method for serum creatinine measurementJournal861Simple, rapid, kinetic method for serum creatinine measurementLustgarten,J.A.Wenk,R.E.1972/11AcetoneAutoanalysisbloodBlood GlucoseBlood Urea NitrogenComparative StudyCreatinineHemolysisHumansJaundiceKineticsLipidsMathematicsMethodsPicratesRenal DialysisSerumSpectrophotometryTemperatureurineNot in File14191422Clin Chem1811PM:4652842Clin Chem1[18,24,25][22,30,31]. La réaction de Jaffe a alors déjà été étudiée dans ses moindres détails et ce même s’il est assez étonnant de constater que, aujourd’hui encore, le composé final de la réaction entre picrate et créatinine reste sujet à discussion  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Cook1975787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineJournal787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineCook,J.G.1975/11BiochemistrybloodBufferschemistryCreatinineEnzymesHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationpharmacologyPicratesQuality ControlRetrospective StudiesSodiumSodium HydroxideSpectrophotometry,UltravioletTemperatureTime FactorsurineNot in File219232Ann.Clin Biochem.126Department of Biochemistry, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton BN2 5BEPM:15637880Ann.Clin Biochem.1Spencer1986790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineJournal790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineSpencer,K.1986/1analysisBilirubinBiochemistrybloodCephalosporinsCreatininediagnostic useFatty AcidsGlomerular Filtration RateHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationKetonesKidney DiseasesKineticsmetabolismphysiologyPicratesTemperatureUreohydrolasesNot in File125Ann.Clin Biochem.23 ( Pt 1)PM:3532908Ann.Clin Biochem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Cook1975787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineJournal787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineCook,J.G.1975/11BiochemistrybloodBufferschemistryCreatinineEnzymesHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationpharmacologyPicratesQuality ControlRetrospective StudiesSodiumSodium HydroxideSpectrophotometry,UltravioletTemperatureTime FactorsurineNot in File219232Ann.Clin Biochem.126Department of Biochemistry, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton BN2 5BEPM:15637880Ann.Clin Biochem.1Spencer1986790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineJournal790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineSpencer,K.1986/1analysisBilirubinBiochemistrybloodCephalosporinsCreatininediagnostic useFatty AcidsGlomerular Filtration RateHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationKetonesKidney DiseasesKineticsmetabolismphysiologyPicratesTemperatureUreohydrolasesNot in File125Ann.Clin Biochem.23 ( Pt 1)PM:3532908Ann.Clin Biochem.1Kroll19871173Mechanism of interference with the Jaffe reaction for creatinineJournal1173Mechanism of interference with the Jaffe reaction for creatinineKroll,M.H.Roach,N.A.Poe,B.Elin,R.J.1987/7AcetohexamideanalysisChemical PhenomenachemistryCreatinineHumansKetonesNitrogenPicratesQuality ControlSpectrophotometryStructure-Activity RelationshipNot in File11291132Clin Chem337PM:3594839Clin Chem1[18,26][22,32,33]. Plusieurs auteurs ont ainsi précisément étudié l’effet des variations de pH, de température, de concentration de picrate, de longueur d’ondes de lecture sur le résultat donné  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Cook1975787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineJournal787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineCook,J.G.1975/11BiochemistrybloodBufferschemistryCreatinineEnzymesHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationpharmacologyPicratesQuality ControlRetrospective StudiesSodiumSodium HydroxideSpectrophotometry,UltravioletTemperatureTime FactorsurineNot in File219232Ann.Clin Biochem.126Department of Biochemistry, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton BN2 5BEPM:15637880Ann.Clin Biochem.1Spencer1986790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineJournal790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineSpencer,K.1986/1analysisBilirubinBiochemistrybloodCephalosporinsCreatininediagnostic useFatty AcidsGlomerular Filtration RateHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationKetonesKidney DiseasesKineticsmetabolismphysiologyPicratesTemperatureUreohydrolasesNot in File125Ann.Clin Biochem.23 ( Pt 1)PM:3532908Ann.Clin Biochem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Cook1975787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineJournal787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineCook,J.G.1975/11BiochemistrybloodBufferschemistryCreatinineEnzymesHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationpharmacologyPicratesQuality ControlRetrospective StudiesSodiumSodium HydroxideSpectrophotometry,UltravioletTemperatureTime FactorsurineNot in File219232Ann.Clin Biochem.126Department of Biochemistry, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton BN2 5BEPM:15637880Ann.Clin Biochem.1Spencer1986790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineJournal790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineSpencer,K.1986/1analysisBilirubinBiochemistrybloodCephalosporinsCreatininediagnostic useFatty AcidsGlomerular Filtration RateHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationKetonesKidney DiseasesKineticsmetabolismphysiologyPicratesTemperatureUreohydrolasesNot in File125Ann.Clin Biochem.23 ( Pt 1)PM:3532908Ann.Clin Biochem.1[18,26][22,32]. Il est alors apparu intéressant de mesurer le produit de la réaction non pas à l’équilibre mais lors de sa formation. De nouveau, ceci était aussi rendu possible par l’automatisation des techniques de mesure qui permettait de reproduire et d’effectuer la mesure dans les mêmes conditions et au même moment. Ces méthodes sont regroupées sous le terme de méthodes « cinétiques »  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Cook1975787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineJournal787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineCook,J.G.1975/11BiochemistrybloodBufferschemistryCreatinineEnzymesHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationpharmacologyPicratesQuality ControlRetrospective StudiesSodiumSodium HydroxideSpectrophotometry,UltravioletTemperatureTime FactorsurineNot in File219232Ann.Clin Biochem.126Department of Biochemistry, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton BN2 5BEPM:15637880Ann.Clin Biochem.1Fabiny1971945Automated reaction-rate method for determination of serum creatinine with the CentrifiChemJournal945Automated reaction-rate method for determination of serum creatinine with the CentrifiChemFabiny,D.L.Ertingshausen,G.1971/8AcetoacetatesAutoanalysisbloodBlood Chemical AnalysisCentrifugationChemical PhenomenachemistryCreatinineDeuteriumDimethyl SulfoxideGlucoseinstrumentationIon Exchange ResinsIsomerismKineticsMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyMethodsPicratesSerumSerum AlbuminStatistics as TopicStereoisomerismNot in File696700Clin Chem178PM:5562281Clin Chem1Spencer1986790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineJournal790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineSpencer,K.1986/1analysisBilirubinBiochemistrybloodCephalosporinsCreatininediagnostic useFatty AcidsGlomerular Filtration RateHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationKetonesKidney DiseasesKineticsmetabolismphysiologyPicratesTemperatureUreohydrolasesNot in File125Ann.Clin Biochem.23 ( Pt 1)PM:3532908Ann.Clin Biochem.1Lustgarten1972861Simple, rapid, kinetic method for serum creatinine measurementJournal861Simple, rapid, kinetic method for serum creatinine measurementLustgarten,J.A.Wenk,R.E.1972/11AcetoneAutoanalysisbloodBlood GlucoseBlood Urea NitrogenComparative StudyCreatinineHemolysisHumansJaundiceKineticsLipidsMathematicsMethodsPicratesRenal DialysisSerumSpectrophotometryTemperatureurineNot in File14191422Clin Chem1811PM:4652842Clin Chem1Bowers1980789Kinetic serum creatinine assays. II. A critical evaluation and reviewJournal789Kinetic serum creatinine assays. II. A critical evaluation and reviewBowers,L.D.Wong,E.T.1980/4AutoanalysisBilirubinbloodCreatinineHumansinstrumentationKeto AcidsKineticsLaboratoriesmetabolismMethodsSerumSpectrophotometryNot in File555561Clin Chem.265PM:7020989Clin Chem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Bowers1980789Kinetic serum creatinine assays. II. A critical evaluation and reviewJournal789Kinetic serum creatinine assays. II. A critical evaluation and reviewBowers,L.D.Wong,E.T.1980/4AutoanalysisBilirubinbloodCreatinineHumansinstrumentationKeto AcidsKineticsLaboratoriesmetabolismMethodsSerumSpectrophotometryNot in File555561Clin Chem.265PM:7020989Clin Chem.1Cook1975787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineJournal787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineCook,J.G.1975/11BiochemistrybloodBufferschemistryCreatinineEnzymesHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationpharmacologyPicratesQuality ControlRetrospective StudiesSodiumSodium HydroxideSpectrophotometry,UltravioletTemperatureTime FactorsurineNot in File219232Ann.Clin Biochem.126Department of Biochemistry, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton BN2 5BEPM:15637880Ann.Clin Biochem.1Fabiny1971945Automated reaction-rate method for determination of serum creatinine with the CentrifiChemJournal945Automated reaction-rate method for determination of serum creatinine with the CentrifiChemFabiny,D.L.Ertingshausen,G.1971/8AcetoacetatesAutoanalysisbloodBlood Chemical AnalysisCentrifugationChemical PhenomenachemistryCreatinineDeuteriumDimethyl SulfoxideGlucoseinstrumentationIon Exchange ResinsIsomerismKineticsMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyMethodsPicratesSerumSerum AlbuminStatistics as TopicStereoisomerismNot in File696700Clin Chem178PM:5562281Clin Chem1Spencer1986790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineJournal790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineSpencer,K.1986/1analysisBilirubinBiochemistrybloodCephalosporinsCreatininediagnostic useFatty AcidsGlomerular Filtration RateHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationKetonesKidney DiseasesKineticsmetabolismphysiologyPicratesTemperatureUreohydrolasesNot in File125Ann.Clin Biochem.23 ( Pt 1)PM:3532908Ann.Clin Biochem.1Lustgarten1972861Simple, rapid, kinetic method for serum creatinine measurementJournal861Simple, rapid, kinetic method for serum creatinine measurementLustgarten,J.A.Wenk,R.E.1972/11AcetoneAutoanalysisbloodBlood GlucoseBlood Urea NitrogenComparative StudyCreatinineHemolysisHumansJaundiceKineticsLipidsMathematicsMethodsPicratesRenal DialysisSerumSpectrophotometryTemperatureurineNot in File14191422Clin Chem1811PM:4652842Clin Chem1[18,24-27][22,30-32,34]. En général, la lecture de la coloration se fait entre 20 et 120 secondes (il existe de larges variations en fonction de l’automate utilisé). Ceci permet de diminuer deux des interférences les plus importantes : l’acétoacétate et la bilirubine. En effet, l’acétoacétate, qui peut se retrouver en quantité élevée dans le plasma en cas d’acidocétose  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Gerard1985903Characterization of creatinine error in ketotic patients. A prospective comparison of alkaline picrate methods with an enzymatic methodJournal903Characterization of creatinine error in ketotic patients. A prospective comparison of alkaline picrate methods with an enzymatic methodGerard,S.K.Khayam-Bashi,H.1985/11AcetoacetatesAcidosisAdolescentAdultAgedbloodChildChild,PreschoolComparative StudyCreatinineFemaleHumansInpatientsKetonesKetosisMaleMethodsMiddle AgedPicratesProspective StudiesTime FactorsNot in File659664Am J Clin Pathol.845PM:4061391Am J Clin Pathol.1Fabiny1971945Automated reaction-rate method for determination of serum creatinine with the CentrifiChemJournal945Automated reaction-rate method for determination of serum creatinine with the CentrifiChemFabiny,D.L.Ertingshausen,G.1971/8AcetoacetatesAutoanalysisbloodBlood Chemical AnalysisCentrifugationChemical PhenomenachemistryCreatinineDeuteriumDimethyl SulfoxideGlucoseinstrumentationIon Exchange ResinsIsomerismKineticsMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyMethodsPicratesSerumSerum AlbuminStatistics as TopicStereoisomerismNot in File696700Clin Chem178PM:5562281Clin Chem1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Gerard1985903Characterization of creatinine error in ketotic patients. A prospective comparison of alkaline picrate methods with an enzymatic methodJournal903Characterization of creatinine error in ketotic patients. A prospective comparison of alkaline picrate methods with an enzymatic methodGerard,S.K.Khayam-Bashi,H.1985/11AcetoacetatesAcidosisAdolescentAdultAgedbloodChildChild,PreschoolComparative StudyCreatinineFemaleHumansInpatientsKetonesKetosisMaleMethodsMiddle AgedPicratesProspective StudiesTime FactorsNot in File659664Am J Clin Pathol.845PM:4061391Am J Clin Pathol.1Molitch1980914Spurious serum creatinine elevations in ketoacidosisJournal914Spurious serum creatinine elevations in ketoacidosisMolitch,M.E.Rodman,E.Hirsch,C.A.Dubinsky,E.1980/8AcetoacetatesAdultAutoanalysisAzotemiabloodBlood Urea NitrogenCreatinineDiabetic KetoacidosisFemaleHumansMethodsNitrogenSerumUreaNot in File280281Ann.Intern.Med.932PM:6773457Ann.Intern.Med.1Fabiny1971945Automated reaction-rate method for determination of serum creatinine with the CentrifiChemJournal945Automated reaction-rate method for determination of serum creatinine with the CentrifiChemFabiny,D.L.Ertingshausen,G.1971/8AcetoacetatesAutoanalysisbloodBlood Chemical AnalysisCentrifugationChemical PhenomenachemistryCreatinineDeuteriumDimethyl SulfoxideGlucoseinstrumentationIon Exchange ResinsIsomerismKineticsMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyMethodsPicratesSerumSerum AlbuminStatistics as TopicStereoisomerismNot in File696700Clin Chem178PM:5562281Clin Chem1[22,24][27,28,30], réagit fortement et surtout très rapidement avec le picrate en milieu alcalin (et peut donner, en concentration suffisante, une valeur de 400 µmol/L sans contribution de la créatinine). En effectuant la lecture de densité optique après 20 secondes (et en l’utilisant comme « blanc »), on diminue cette interaction car la réaction picrate-acétoacétate est alors déjà terminée  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Fabiny1971945Automated reaction-rate method for determination of serum creatinine with the CentrifiChemJournal945Automated reaction-rate method for determination of serum creatinine with the CentrifiChemFabiny,D.L.Ertingshausen,G.1971/8AcetoacetatesAutoanalysisbloodBlood Chemical AnalysisCentrifugationChemical PhenomenachemistryCreatinineDeuteriumDimethyl SulfoxideGlucoseinstrumentationIon Exchange ResinsIsomerismKineticsMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyMethodsPicratesSerumSerum AlbuminStatistics as TopicStereoisomerismNot in File696700Clin Chem178PM:5562281Clin Chem1Cook1975787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineJournal787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineCook,J.G.1975/11BiochemistrybloodBufferschemistryCreatinineEnzymesHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationpharmacologyPicratesQuality ControlRetrospective StudiesSodiumSodium HydroxideSpectrophotometry,UltravioletTemperatureTime FactorsurineNot in File219232Ann.Clin Biochem.126Department of Biochemistry, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton BN2 5BEPM:15637880Ann.Clin Biochem.1Bowers1980789Kinetic serum creatinine assays. II. A critical evaluation and reviewJournal789Kinetic serum creatinine assays. II. A critical evaluation and reviewBowers,L.D.Wong,E.T.1980/4AutoanalysisBilirubinbloodCreatinineHumansinstrumentationKeto AcidsKineticsLaboratoriesmetabolismMethodsSerumSpectrophotometryNot in File555561Clin Chem.265PM:7020989Clin Chem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Fabiny1971945Automated reaction-rate method for determination of serum creatinine with the CentrifiChemJournal945Automated reaction-rate method for determination of serum creatinine with the CentrifiChemFabiny,D.L.Ertingshausen,G.1971/8AcetoacetatesAutoanalysisbloodBlood Chemical AnalysisCentrifugationChemical PhenomenachemistryCreatinineDeuteriumDimethyl SulfoxideGlucoseinstrumentationIon Exchange ResinsIsomerismKineticsMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyMethodsPicratesSerumSerum AlbuminStatistics as TopicStereoisomerismNot in File696700Clin Chem178PM:5562281Clin Chem1Cook1975787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineJournal787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineCook,J.G.1975/11BiochemistrybloodBufferschemistryCreatinineEnzymesHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationpharmacologyPicratesQuality ControlRetrospective StudiesSodiumSodium HydroxideSpectrophotometry,UltravioletTemperatureTime FactorsurineNot in File219232Ann.Clin Biochem.126Department of Biochemistry, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton BN2 5BEPM:15637880Ann.Clin Biochem.1Bowers1980789Kinetic serum creatinine assays. II. A critical evaluation and reviewJournal789Kinetic serum creatinine assays. II. A critical evaluation and reviewBowers,L.D.Wong,E.T.1980/4AutoanalysisBilirubinbloodCreatinineHumansinstrumentationKeto AcidsKineticsLaboratoriesmetabolismMethodsSerumSpectrophotometryNot in File555561Clin Chem.265PM:7020989Clin Chem.1[18,24,27][22,30,34]. Inversement, les protéines et le glucose agissent très lentement avec le picrate et une lecture relativement rapide élimine en partie cette interférence  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Cook1975787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineJournal787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineCook,J.G.1975/11BiochemistrybloodBufferschemistryCreatinineEnzymesHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationpharmacologyPicratesQuality ControlRetrospective StudiesSodiumSodium HydroxideSpectrophotometry,UltravioletTemperatureTime FactorsurineNot in File219232Ann.Clin Biochem.126Department of Biochemistry, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton BN2 5BEPM:15637880Ann.Clin Biochem.1Bowers1980789Kinetic serum creatinine assays. II. A critical evaluation and reviewJournal789Kinetic serum creatinine assays. II. A critical evaluation and reviewBowers,L.D.Wong,E.T.1980/4AutoanalysisBilirubinbloodCreatinineHumansinstrumentationKeto AcidsKineticsLaboratoriesmetabolismMethodsSerumSpectrophotometryNot in File555561Clin Chem.265PM:7020989Clin Chem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Cook1975787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineJournal787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineCook,J.G.1975/11BiochemistrybloodBufferschemistryCreatinineEnzymesHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationpharmacologyPicratesQuality ControlRetrospective StudiesSodiumSodium HydroxideSpectrophotometry,UltravioletTemperatureTime FactorsurineNot in File219232Ann.Clin Biochem.126Department of Biochemistry, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton BN2 5BEPM:15637880Ann.Clin Biochem.1Bowers1980789Kinetic serum creatinine assays. II. A critical evaluation and reviewJournal789Kinetic serum creatinine assays. II. A critical evaluation and reviewBowers,L.D.Wong,E.T.1980/4AutoanalysisBilirubinbloodCreatinineHumansinstrumentationKeto AcidsKineticsLaboratoriesmetabolismMethodsSerumSpectrophotometryNot in File555561Clin Chem.265PM:7020989Clin Chem.1[18,27][22,34]. Ces méthodes cinétiques permettent de diminuer substantiellement, mais pas totalement, les interférences  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Bowers1980789Kinetic serum creatinine assays. II. A critical evaluation and reviewJournal789Kinetic serum creatinine assays. II. A critical evaluation and reviewBowers,L.D.Wong,E.T.1980/4AutoanalysisBilirubinbloodCreatinineHumansinstrumentationKeto AcidsKineticsLaboratoriesmetabolismMethodsSerumSpectrophotometryNot in File555561Clin Chem.265PM:7020989Clin Chem.1Gerard1985903Characterization of creatinine error in ketotic patients. A prospective comparison of alkaline picrate methods with an enzymatic methodJournal903Characterization of creatinine error in ketotic patients. A prospective comparison of alkaline picrate methods with an enzymatic methodGerard,S.K.Khayam-Bashi,H.1985/11AcetoacetatesAcidosisAdolescentAdultAgedbloodChildChild,PreschoolComparative StudyCreatinineFemaleHumansInpatientsKetonesKetosisMaleMethodsMiddle AgedPicratesProspective StudiesTime FactorsNot in File659664Am J Clin Pathol.845PM:4061391Am J Clin Pathol.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Bowers1980789Kinetic serum creatinine assays. II. A critical evaluation and reviewJournal789Kinetic serum creatinine assays. II. A critical evaluation and reviewBowers,L.D.Wong,E.T.1980/4AutoanalysisBilirubinbloodCreatinineHumansinstrumentationKeto AcidsKineticsLaboratoriesmetabolismMethodsSerumSpectrophotometryNot in File555561Clin Chem.265PM:7020989Clin Chem.1Gerard1985903Characterization of creatinine error in ketotic patients. A prospective comparison of alkaline picrate methods with an enzymatic methodJournal903Characterization of creatinine error in ketotic patients. A prospective comparison of alkaline picrate methods with an enzymatic methodGerard,S.K.Khayam-Bashi,H.1985/11AcetoacetatesAcidosisAdolescentAdultAgedbloodChildChild,PreschoolComparative StudyCreatinineFemaleHumansInpatientsKetonesKetosisMaleMethodsMiddle AgedPicratesProspective StudiesTime FactorsNot in File659664Am J Clin Pathol.845PM:4061391Am J Clin Pathol.1[22,27][27,34]. L’automatisation permettra également d’améliorer la précision des ces dosages et le temps nécessaire à leur réalisation par rapport aux anciennes méthodes manuelles  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Cook1975787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineJournal787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineCook,J.G.1975/11BiochemistrybloodBufferschemistryCreatinineEnzymesHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationpharmacologyPicratesQuality ControlRetrospective StudiesSodiumSodium HydroxideSpectrophotometry,UltravioletTemperatureTime FactorsurineNot in File219232Ann.Clin Biochem.126Department of Biochemistry, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton BN2 5BEPM:15637880Ann.Clin Biochem.1Spencer1986790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineJournal790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineSpencer,K.1986/1analysisBilirubinBiochemistrybloodCephalosporinsCreatininediagnostic useFatty AcidsGlomerular Filtration RateHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationKetonesKidney DiseasesKineticsmetabolismphysiologyPicratesTemperatureUreohydrolasesNot in File125Ann.Clin Biochem.23 ( Pt 1)PM:3532908Ann.Clin Biochem.1Lustgarten1972861Simple, rapid, kinetic method for serum creatinine measurementJournal861Simple, rapid, kinetic method for serum creatinine measurementLustgarten,J.A.Wenk,R.E.1972/11AcetoneAutoanalysisbloodBlood GlucoseBlood Urea NitrogenComparative StudyCreatinineHemolysisHumansJaundiceKineticsLipidsMathematicsMethodsPicratesRenal DialysisSerumSpectrophotometryTemperatureurineNot in File14191422Clin Chem1811PM:4652842Clin Chem1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Cook1975787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineJournal787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineCook,J.G.1975/11BiochemistrybloodBufferschemistryCreatinineEnzymesHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationpharmacologyPicratesQuality ControlRetrospective StudiesSodiumSodium HydroxideSpectrophotometry,UltravioletTemperatureTime FactorsurineNot in File219232Ann.Clin Biochem.126Department of Biochemistry, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton BN2 5BEPM:15637880Ann.Clin Biochem.1Spencer1986790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineJournal790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineSpencer,K.1986/1analysisBilirubinBiochemistrybloodCephalosporinsCreatininediagnostic useFatty AcidsGlomerular Filtration RateHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationKetonesKidney DiseasesKineticsmetabolismphysiologyPicratesTemperatureUreohydrolasesNot in File125Ann.Clin Biochem.23 ( Pt 1)PM:3532908Ann.Clin Biochem.1Lustgarten1972861Simple, rapid, kinetic method for serum creatinine measurementJournal861Simple, rapid, kinetic method for serum creatinine measurementLustgarten,J.A.Wenk,R.E.1972/11AcetoneAutoanalysisbloodBlood GlucoseBlood Urea NitrogenComparative StudyCreatinineHemolysisHumansJaundiceKineticsLipidsMathematicsMethodsPicratesRenal DialysisSerumSpectrophotometryTemperatureurineNot in File14191422Clin Chem1811PM:4652842Clin Chem1[18,25,26][22,31,32]. Aujourd’hui, la mesure de la créatinine par méthode de Jaffe est toujours une mesure cinétique et s’effectue sur sérum ou plasma non déprotéinisé.
Récemment, plusieurs firmes sociétés ont utilisé le concept de «Jaffe compensé ». Ce concept a été introduit par la société Roche Diagnostics  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Mazzachi2000142Reference range and method comparison studies for enzymatic and Jaffe creatinine assays in plasma and serum and early morning urineJournal142Reference range and method comparison studies for enzymatic and Jaffe creatinine assays in plasma and serum and early morning urineMazzachi,B.C.Peake,M.J.Ehrhardt,V.2000AdolescentAdultAgedAutoanalysisbloodchemistryComparative StudyCreatinineFemaleHumanMaleMethodsMiddle AgedPlasmaReference ValuesSensitivity and SpecificityurineNot in File5355Clin.Lab461-2SouthPath Biochemistry Department, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South AustraliaPM:10745982Clin.Lab1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Mazzachi2000142Reference range and method comparison studies for enzymatic and Jaffe creatinine assays in plasma and serum and early morning urineJournal142Reference range and method comparison studies for enzymatic and Jaffe creatinine assays in plasma and serum and early morning urineMazzachi,B.C.Peake,M.J.Ehrhardt,V.2000AdolescentAdultAgedAutoanalysisbloodchemistryComparative StudyCreatinineFemaleHumanMaleMethodsMiddle AgedPlasmaReference ValuesSensitivity and SpecificityurineNot in File5355Clin.Lab461-2SouthPath Biochemistry Department, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South AustraliaPM:10745982Clin.Lab1[28][35]. L’idée de Roche est de recalibrer leurs appareils le dosage en soustrayant systématiquement 27 µmol/L à tous leurs résultats, concentration sensée refléter la concentration moyenne de pseudochromogènes dans le sang. Cette compensation est purement mathématique et ne reflète pas la concentration « vraie » de pseudochromogènes qui peut varier d’un individu à l’autre (de 0 à 44 µmol/L) et n’est absolument pas prédictible  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Parry20081131Use of single-value protein compensation of the Jaffe creatinine assay contributes to clinically significant inaccuracy in resultsJournal1131Use of single-value protein compensation of the Jaffe creatinine assay contributes to clinically significant inaccuracy in resultsParry,D.M.2008/1AdolescentAdultbloodChildChild,PreschoolCreatinineFemaleHumansInfantInfant,NewbornMalemetabolismMiddle AgedReference ValuesRegression AnalysisReproducibility of ResultsSerumSerum AlbuminNot in File215216Clin Chem541PM:18160730Clin Chem1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Parry20081131Use of single-value protein compensation of the Jaffe creatinine assay contributes to clinically significant inaccuracy in resultsJournal1131Use of single-value protein compensation of the Jaffe creatinine assay contributes to clinically significant inaccuracy in resultsParry,D.M.2008/1AdolescentAdultbloodChildChild,PreschoolCreatinineFemaleHumansInfantInfant,NewbornMalemetabolismMiddle AgedReference ValuesRegression AnalysisReproducibility of ResultsSerumSerum AlbuminNot in File215216Clin Chem541PM:18160730Clin Chem1Panteghini20081134Enzymatic assays for creatinine: time for actionJournal1134Enzymatic assays for creatinine: time for actionPanteghini,M.2008bloodCalibrationCreatininediagnosisDiseaseGlomerular Filtration RateHealthHumansItalyKidneyLaboratoriesMethodsPlasmaProteinsQuality ControlReference ValuesSensitivity and SpecificitySerumNot in File8488Scand.J Clin Lab Invest Suppl241Centre for Metrological Traceability in Laboratory Medicine (CIRME) and Department of Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. sd.chair@ifcc.orgPM:18569972Scand.J Clin Lab Invest Suppl1[29][36,37]. De plus, cette compensation n’est probablement pas adéquate quand elle est appliquée à des concentrations très basses de créatinine, en particulier en pédiatrie et en néonatologie  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Ceriotti2008634Reference intervals for serum creatinine concentrations: assessment of available data for global applicationJournal634Reference intervals for serum creatinine concentrations: assessment of available data for global applicationCeriotti,F.Boyd,J.C.Klein,G.Henny,J.Queralto,J.Kairisto,V.Panteghini,M.2008/3AdultbloodChildCreatinineGlomerular Filtration RateHumansIndicator Dilution TechniquesItalyLaboratoriesMass SpectrometryMethodsReference StandardsReference ValuesSerumstandardsNot in File559566Clin Chem.543Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele S.p.A. Milano, Italy. ceriotti.ferruccio@hsr.itPM:18202155Clin Chem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Ceriotti2008634Reference intervals for serum creatinine concentrations: assessment of available data for global applicationJournal634Reference intervals for serum creatinine concentrations: assessment of available data for global applicationCeriotti,F.Boyd,J.C.Klein,G.Henny,J.Queralto,J.Kairisto,V.Panteghini,M.2008/3AdultbloodChildCreatinineGlomerular Filtration RateHumansIndicator Dilution TechniquesItalyLaboratoriesMass SpectrometryMethodsReference StandardsReference ValuesSerumstandardsNot in File559566Clin Chem.543Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele S.p.A. Milano, Italy. ceriotti.ferruccio@hsr.itPM:18202155Clin Chem.1[30][38]. Cette recalibration est aussi très critiquable pour le dosage de la créatinine dans les urines où il n’y a pas de pseudochromogènes  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Panteghini20081134Enzymatic assays for creatinine: time for actionJournal1134Enzymatic assays for creatinine: time for actionPanteghini,M.2008bloodCalibrationCreatininediagnosisDiseaseGlomerular Filtration RateHealthHumansItalyKidneyLaboratoriesMethodsPlasmaProteinsQuality ControlReference ValuesSensitivity and SpecificitySerumNot in File8488Scand.J Clin Lab Invest Suppl241Centre for Metrological Traceability in Laboratory Medicine (CIRME) and Department of Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. sd.chair@ifcc.orgPM:18569972Scand.J Clin Lab Invest Suppl1[37]. Actuellement, d’autres firmes sociétés utilisent une compensation mathématique. La manière dont cette compensation est appliquée (soustraction ou application d’une régression) diffère selon les firmes sociétés et les automates, ce qui peut être source de confusion. Ces recalibrations, a priori simples, sont surtout importantes, en terme relatif (et en terme de répercussion sur les formules d’estimation du DFG) dans les valeurs normales et basses de créatinine  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Chan20041169Effect of a compensated Jaffe creatinine method on the estimation of glomerular filtration rateJournal1169Effect of a compensated Jaffe creatinine method on the estimation of glomerular filtration rateChan,M.H.Ng,K.F.Szeto,C.C.Lit,L.C.Chow,K.M.Leung,C.B.Suen,M.W.Li,P.K.Lam,C.W.2004/11AdolescentAdultAgedAged,80 and overanalysisbloodCalibrationChildChild,PreschoolChinaCreatinineDietDiseaseFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidney DiseasesLaboratoriesMaleMetabolic Clearance RateMethodsMiddle AgedpathologyProspective StudiesProteinsProto-Oncogene ProteinsProto-Oncogene Proteins c-fosReference StandardsRegression AnalysisRetrospective StudiesSerumurineNot in File482484Ann.Clin Biochem.41Pt 6Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, ChinaPM:15588439Ann.Clin Biochem.1Wuyts2003200Reevaluation of formulas for predicting creatinine clearance in adults and children, using compensated creatinine methodsJournal200Reevaluation of formulas for predicting creatinine clearance in adults and children, using compensated creatinine methodsWuyts,B.Bernard,D.Van den,Noortgate N.Van de,Walle J.Van Vlem,B.De Smet,R.De Geeter,F.Vanholder,R.Delanghe,J.R.2003/6AdolescentAdultAgedAged,80 and overBelgiumchemistryChildChromium RadioisotopesCreatininediagnostic useEdetic AcidFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanMaleMethodsMiddle AgedpharmacokineticsurineNot in File10111014Clin.Chem.496 Pt 1Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B9000 Gent, BelgiumPM:12766016Clin.Chem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Chan20041169Effect of a compensated Jaffe creatinine method on the estimation of glomerular filtration rateJournal1169Effect of a compensated Jaffe creatinine method on the estimation of glomerular filtration rateChan,M.H.Ng,K.F.Szeto,C.C.Lit,L.C.Chow,K.M.Leung,C.B.Suen,M.W.Li,P.K.Lam,C.W.2004/11AdolescentAdultAgedAged,80 and overanalysisbloodCalibrationChildChild,PreschoolChinaCreatinineDietDiseaseFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidney DiseasesLaboratoriesMaleMetabolic Clearance RateMethodsMiddle AgedpathologyProspective StudiesProteinsProto-Oncogene ProteinsProto-Oncogene Proteins c-fosReference StandardsRegression AnalysisRetrospective StudiesSerumurineNot in File482484Ann.Clin Biochem.41Pt 6Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, ChinaPM:15588439Ann.Clin Biochem.1Wuyts2003200Reevaluation of formulas for predicting creatinine clearance in adults and children, using compensated creatinine methodsJournal200Reevaluation of formulas for predicting creatinine clearance in adults and children, using compensated creatinine methodsWuyts,B.Bernard,D.Van den,Noortgate N.Van de,Walle J.Van Vlem,B.De Smet,R.De Geeter,F.Vanholder,R.Delanghe,J.R.2003/6AdolescentAdultAgedAged,80 and overBelgiumchemistryChildChromium RadioisotopesCreatininediagnostic useEdetic AcidFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanMaleMethodsMiddle AgedpharmacokineticsurineNot in File10111014Clin.Chem.496 Pt 1Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B9000 Gent, BelgiumPM:12766016Clin.Chem.1[31,32][39,40]. La précision des méthodes de Jaffe n’est, bien évidemment, nullement améliorée par ces compensations mathématiques et systématiques.
2.3 Les méthodes enzymatiques
L’histoire des méthodes enzymatiques pour le dosage de la créatinine est assez originale. En effet, si le premier article évoquant l’utilité d’enzymes pour ce dosage date de 1937, ces méthodes ne seront véritablement développées et ne commenceront à être appliquées que près d’un demi-siècle plus tard. En 1937 donc, Dubos et Miller décrivent plusieurs souches de bactéries capables de produire des enzymes dégradant la créatinine, notamment en urée et en ammoniac. Ces auteurs vont utiliser des extraits bruts de ces bactéries qu’ils mettent en contact avec le sang ou les urines. La créatinine est mesurée par la méthode de Jaffe avant et après contact avec ces bactéries (la différence des deux représentant les pseudochromogènes) et la concentration de créatinine « vraie » est alors calculée  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Miller1937813Studies on the presence of creatinine in human bloodJournal813Studies on the presence of creatinine in human bloodMiller,B.F.Dubos,R.1937CreatinineHumanbloodNot in File447456J.Biol.Chem.121J.Biol.Chem.1Miller1937814Determination by a specific enzymatic method of the creatinine content of blood and urine from normal and nephritic individualsJournal814Determination by a specific enzymatic method of the creatinine content of blood and urine from normal and nephritic individualsMiller,B.F.Dubos,R.1937CreatininebloodurineNot in File457464J.Biol.Chem.121J.Biol.Chem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Miller1937813Studies on the presence of creatinine in human bloodJournal813Studies on the presence of creatinine in human bloodMiller,B.F.Dubos,R.1937CreatinineHumanbloodNot in File447456J.Biol.Chem.121J.Biol.Chem.1Miller1937814Determination by a specific enzymatic method of the creatinine content of blood and urine from normal and nephritic individualsJournal814Determination by a specific enzymatic method of the creatinine content of blood and urine from normal and nephritic individualsMiller,B.F.Dubos,R.1937CreatininebloodurineNot in File457464J.Biol.Chem.121J.Biol.Chem.1[17,33][20,41]. Cette méthode, très ingénieuse, reste bien entendu manuelle (nous sommes en 1937) et relativement lourde en terme de manipulations. Cependant, l’idée même de mesurer la créatinine par une méthode enzymatique libre de toute interférence avec les pseudochromogènes était lancée. Dans les décades qui suivront, différents auteurs s’attacheront surtout à décrire les enzymes capables de dégrader la créatinine et les différentes souches de bactéries productrices de ces enzymes  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Cook1975787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineJournal787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineCook,J.G.1975/11BiochemistrybloodBufferschemistryCreatinineEnzymesHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationpharmacologyPicratesQuality ControlRetrospective StudiesSodiumSodium HydroxideSpectrophotometry,UltravioletTemperatureTime FactorsurineNot in File219232Ann.Clin Biochem.126Department of Biochemistry, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton BN2 5BEPM:15637880Ann.Clin Biochem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Cook1975787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineJournal787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineCook,J.G.1975/11BiochemistrybloodBufferschemistryCreatinineEnzymesHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationpharmacologyPicratesQuality ControlRetrospective StudiesSodiumSodium HydroxideSpectrophotometry,UltravioletTemperatureTime FactorsurineNot in File219232Ann.Clin Biochem.126Department of Biochemistry, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton BN2 5BEPM:15637880Ann.Clin Biochem.1[18][22]. Actuellement, la mesure de la créatinine est basée sur une suite de réactions enzymatiques. Deux grandes « familles »  de réactions sont possibles. Dans la méthode enzymatique la plus utilisée de nos jours, la créatinine est d’abord dégradée en créatine par la créatininase (ou créatinine amidohydrolase). La créatine est ensuite convertie par la créatinase en sarcosine  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Cook1975787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineJournal787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineCook,J.G.1975/11BiochemistrybloodBufferschemistryCreatinineEnzymesHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationpharmacologyPicratesQuality ControlRetrospective StudiesSodiumSodium HydroxideSpectrophotometry,UltravioletTemperatureTime FactorsurineNot in File219232Ann.Clin Biochem.126Department of Biochemistry, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton BN2 5BEPM:15637880Ann.Clin Biochem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Cook1975787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineJournal787Factors influencing the assay of creatinineCook,J.G.1975/11BiochemistrybloodBufferschemistryCreatinineEnzymesHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationpharmacologyPicratesQuality ControlRetrospective StudiesSodiumSodium HydroxideSpectrophotometry,UltravioletTemperatureTime FactorsurineNot in File219232Ann.Clin Biochem.126Department of Biochemistry, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton BN2 5BEPM:15637880Ann.Clin Biochem.1[18][22] qui est, elle-même convertie en formaldéhyde, glycine et eau oxygénée par une sarcosine peroxidase  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Suzuki1981969Purification and some properties of sarcosine oxidase from Corynebacterium sp. U-96Journal969Purification and some properties of sarcosine oxidase from Corynebacterium sp. U-96Suzuki,M.1981/2CorynebacteriumenzymologyFlavin-Adenine DinucleotideHydrogen-Ion Concentrationisolation & purificationKineticsmetabolismMetalsMolecular WeightOxidoreductasesOxidoreductases,N-DemethylatingpharmacologySarcosineSarcosine OxidaseSpectrum AnalysisSubstrate SpecificityTemperatureNot in File599607J Biochem.892PM:7240129J Biochem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Suzuki1981969Purification and some properties of sarcosine oxidase from Corynebacterium sp. U-96Journal969Purification and some properties of sarcosine oxidase from Corynebacterium sp. U-96Suzuki,M.1981/2CorynebacteriumenzymologyFlavin-Adenine DinucleotideHydrogen-Ion Concentrationisolation & purificationKineticsmetabolismMetalsMolecular WeightOxidoreductasesOxidoreductases,N-DemethylatingpharmacologySarcosineSarcosine OxidaseSpectrum AnalysisSubstrate SpecificityTemperatureNot in File599607J Biochem.892PM:7240129J Biochem.1[34][42]. La production d’eau oxygénée est quantifiée par une dernière réaction enzymatique (qui peut varier selon les fabricants). Le deuxième type de réaction fait intervenir la créatinine iminohydrolase qui transforme la créatinine en N-méthylhydantoïne et en ammoniac, ce dernier donnant une coloration bleue en réagissant avec le bleu de bromophénol. Les méthodes enzymatiques s’avèrent, aujourd’hui, significativement plus précises que les méthodes basées sur la réaction de Jaffe. Les méthodes enzymatiques sont donc les plus recommandées au niveau international.  ? Déjà Elles restent cependant plus coûteuses (actuellement, elles restent environ dix fois plus chères) et ne sont pas, comme nous le verrons, exemptes de toute interférence  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Spencer1986790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineJournal790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineSpencer,K.1986/1analysisBilirubinBiochemistrybloodCephalosporinsCreatininediagnostic useFatty AcidsGlomerular Filtration RateHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationKetonesKidney DiseasesKineticsmetabolismphysiologyPicratesTemperatureUreohydrolasesNot in File125Ann.Clin Biochem.23 ( Pt 1)PM:3532908Ann.Clin Biochem.1Fossati1983892Enzymic creatinine assay: a new colorimetric method based on hydrogen peroxide measurementJournal892Enzymic creatinine assay: a new colorimetric method based on hydrogen peroxide measurementFossati,P.Prencipe,L.Berti,G.1983/8analysisBenzenesulfonatesbloodChemical PhenomenachemistryColorimetryComparative StudyCreatineCreatinineEvaluation Studies as TopicHumanHumansHydrogen PeroxideMethodsPeroxidaseSarcosineSerumSpectrophotometryTemperatureurineNot in File14941496Clin Chem298PM:6872208Clin Chem1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Spencer1986790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineJournal790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineSpencer,K.1986/1analysisBilirubinBiochemistrybloodCephalosporinsCreatininediagnostic useFatty AcidsGlomerular Filtration RateHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationKetonesKidney DiseasesKineticsmetabolismphysiologyPicratesTemperatureUreohydrolasesNot in File125Ann.Clin Biochem.23 ( Pt 1)PM:3532908Ann.Clin Biochem.1Fossati1983892Enzymic creatinine assay: a new colorimetric method based on hydrogen peroxide measurementJournal892Enzymic creatinine assay: a new colorimetric method based on hydrogen peroxide measurementFossati,P.Prencipe,L.Berti,G.1983/8analysisBenzenesulfonatesbloodChemical PhenomenachemistryColorimetryComparative StudyCreatineCreatinineEvaluation Studies as TopicHumanHumansHydrogen PeroxideMethodsPeroxidaseSarcosineSerumSpectrophotometryTemperatureurineNot in File14941496Clin Chem298PM:6872208Clin Chem1Panteghini20081134Enzymatic assays for creatinine: time for actionJournal1134Enzymatic assays for creatinine: time for actionPanteghini,M.2008bloodCalibrationCreatininediagnosisDiseaseGlomerular Filtration RateHealthHumansItalyKidneyLaboratoriesMethodsPlasmaProteinsQuality ControlReference ValuesSensitivity and SpecificitySerumNot in File8488Scand.J Clin Lab Invest Suppl241Centre for Metrological Traceability in Laboratory Medicine (CIRME) and Department of Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. sd.chair@ifcc.orgPM:18569972Scand.J Clin Lab Invest Suppl1[26,35][32,37,43].
2.4 Méthodes de référence et standardisation de la mesure de créatinine
Les différents contrôles nationaux de qualité soulignent, encore actuellement, les différences importantes observées selon la technique utilisée (Figure 1). Les différences significatives entre les résultats donnés par une méthode enzymatique et une méthode basée sur la réaction de Jaffe, sont attendues  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Van Lente19891072Assessment of renal function by serum creatinine and creatinine clearance: glomerular filtration rate estimated by four proceduresJournal1072Assessment of renal function by serum creatinine and creatinine clearance: glomerular filtration rate estimated by four proceduresVan Lente,F.Suit,P.1989/12AdolescentAdultAgedBiochemistrybloodComparative StudyCreatinineFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansIothalamic AcidKidney DiseasesKidney Function TestsMaleMetabolic Clearance RateMethodsMiddle AgedpharmacokineticsQuality ControlReagent Kits,DiagnosticSerumSodiumstandardsurineNot in File23262330Clin Chem3512Department of Biochemistry, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195PM:2591052Clin Chem1Fossati19941113A step forward in enzymatic measurement of creatinineJournal1113A step forward in enzymatic measurement of creatinineFossati,P.Ponti,M.Passoni,G.Tarenghi,G.Melzi d'Eril,G.V.Prencipe,L..1994CreatinineNot in File130137Clin.Chem.401Clin.Chem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Van Lente19891072Assessment of renal function by serum creatinine and creatinine clearance: glomerular filtration rate estimated by four proceduresJournal1072Assessment of renal function by serum creatinine and creatinine clearance: glomerular filtration rate estimated by four proceduresVan Lente,F.Suit,P.1989/12AdolescentAdultAgedBiochemistrybloodComparative StudyCreatinineFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansIothalamic AcidKidney DiseasesKidney Function TestsMaleMetabolic Clearance RateMethodsMiddle AgedpharmacokineticsQuality ControlReagent Kits,DiagnosticSerumSodiumstandardsurineNot in File23262330Clin Chem3512Department of Biochemistry, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195PM:2591052Clin Chem1Fossati19941113A step forward in enzymatic measurement of creatinineJournal1113A step forward in enzymatic measurement of creatinineFossati,P.Ponti,M.Passoni,G.Tarenghi,G.Melzi d'Eril,G.V.Prencipe,L..1994CreatinineNot in File130137Clin.Chem.401Clin.Chem.1[36,37][44,45]. Les valeurs de référence en méthode enzymatique sont logiquement différentes et plus basses qu’en méthode Jaffe  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Junge20041106Determination of reference intervals for serum creatinine, creatinine excretion and creatinine clearance with an enzymatic and a modified Jaffe methodJournal1106Determination of reference intervals for serum creatinine, creatinine excretion and creatinine clearance with an enzymatic and a modified Jaffe methodJunge,W.Wilke,B.Halabi,A.Klein,G.2004/6AdolescentAdultAge FactorsAgedbloodCreatinineEnzymesFemaleHumansIndicators and ReagentsKineticsMaleMethodsMiddle AgedReference ValuesRegression AnalysisReproducibility of ResultsSerumstandardsurineNot in File137148Clin Chim.Acta3441-2Zentrallaboratorium des Friedrich-Ebert-krankenhauses GmbH, Friesenstrasse, Neumunster, Germany. LKF_Junge@t-online.dePM:15149882Clin Chim.Acta1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Junge20041106Determination of reference intervals for serum creatinine, creatinine excretion and creatinine clearance with an enzymatic and a modified Jaffe methodJournal1106Determination of reference intervals for serum creatinine, creatinine excretion and creatinine clearance with an enzymatic and a modified Jaffe methodJunge,W.Wilke,B.Halabi,A.Klein,G.2004/6AdolescentAdultAge FactorsAgedbloodCreatinineEnzymesFemaleHumansIndicators and ReagentsKineticsMaleMethodsMiddle AgedReference ValuesRegression AnalysisReproducibility of ResultsSerumstandardsurineNot in File137148Clin Chim.Acta3441-2Zentrallaboratorium des Friedrich-Ebert-krankenhauses GmbH, Friesenstrasse, Neumunster, Germany. LKF_Junge@t-online.dePM:15149882Clin Chim.Acta1[38][46]. Il existe aussi une grande hétérogénéité de résultats à l’intérieur de chaque groupe de techniques. De nos jours, le nombre d’automates capables de mesurer la créatinine dans l’une ou l’autre technique s’est multiplié. Chaque automate utilisant ses propres calibrants et ses propres courbes de calibration, les résultats entre deux automates peuvent quelque peu différer même s’ils se basent tous les deux sur la réaction de Jaffe  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Van Lente19891072Assessment of renal function by serum creatinine and creatinine clearance: glomerular filtration rate estimated by four proceduresJournal1072Assessment of renal function by serum creatinine and creatinine clearance: glomerular filtration rate estimated by four proceduresVan Lente,F.Suit,P.1989/12AdolescentAdultAgedBiochemistrybloodComparative StudyCreatinineFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansIothalamic AcidKidney DiseasesKidney Function TestsMaleMetabolic Clearance RateMethodsMiddle AgedpharmacokineticsQuality ControlReagent Kits,DiagnosticSerumSodiumstandardsurineNot in File23262330Clin Chem3512Department of Biochemistry, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195PM:2591052Clin Chem1Fossati19941113A step forward in enzymatic measurement of creatinineJournal1113A step forward in enzymatic measurement of creatinineFossati,P.Ponti,M.Passoni,G.Tarenghi,G.Melzi d'Eril,G.V.Prencipe,L..1994CreatinineNot in File130137Clin.Chem.401Clin.Chem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Van Lente19891072Assessment of renal function by serum creatinine and creatinine clearance: glomerular filtration rate estimated by four proceduresJournal1072Assessment of renal function by serum creatinine and creatinine clearance: glomerular filtration rate estimated by four proceduresVan Lente,F.Suit,P.1989/12AdolescentAdultAgedBiochemistrybloodComparative StudyCreatinineFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansIothalamic AcidKidney DiseasesKidney Function TestsMaleMetabolic Clearance RateMethodsMiddle AgedpharmacokineticsQuality ControlReagent Kits,DiagnosticSerumSodiumstandardsurineNot in File23262330Clin Chem3512Department of Biochemistry, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195PM:2591052Clin Chem1Fossati19941113A step forward in enzymatic measurement of creatinineJournal1113A step forward in enzymatic measurement of creatinineFossati,P.Ponti,M.Passoni,G.Tarenghi,G.Melzi d'Eril,G.V.Prencipe,L..1994CreatinineNot in File130137Clin.Chem.401Clin.Chem.1Coresh19984Creatinine clearance as a measure of GFR in screenees for the African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension pilot studyJournal4Creatinine clearance as a measure of GFR in screenees for the African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension pilot studyCoresh,J.Toto,R.D.Kirk,K.A.Whelton,P.K.Massry,S.Jones,C.Agodoa,L.Van Lente,F.1998/7African Continental Ancestry GroupanalysisCalibrationComparative StudyContrast MediaCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useethnologyFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanHypertension,RenalIodine RadioisotopesIothalamic AcidKidneyKidney DiseasesKidney Function TestsMaleMethodsMiddle AgedPilot ProjectsPredictive Value of TestsSensitivity and SpecificitySupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.urineNot in File3242Am.J.Kidney Dis.321Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA. coresh@jhu.eduPM:9669421Am.J.Kidney Dis.1[36,37][44,45,47]. La même réflexion peut être faite pour les méthodes enzymatiques  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Thienpont19951084Candidate reference method for determining serum creatinine by isocratic HPLC: validation with isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and application for accuracy assessment of routine test kitsJournal1084Candidate reference method for determining serum creatinine by isocratic HPLC: validation with isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and application for accuracy assessment of routine test kitsThienpont,L.M.Van Landuyt,K.G.Stockl,D.De Leenheer,A.P.1995/7Aluminum OxideBelgiumbloodCalibrationChromatography,High Pressure LiquidCreatinineFreeze DryingGas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationIndicator Dilution TechniquesMethodsQuality ControlReagent Kits,DiagnosticReproducibility of ResultsResearchSensitivity and SpecificitySerumstandardsstatistics & numerical dataNot in File9951003Clin Chem417Laboratoria voor Medische Biochemie en voor Klinische Analyse, University of Ghent, BelgiumPM:7600702Clin Chem1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Thienpont19951084Candidate reference method for determining serum creatinine by isocratic HPLC: validation with isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and application for accuracy assessment of routine test kitsJournal1084Candidate reference method for determining serum creatinine by isocratic HPLC: validation with isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and application for accuracy assessment of routine test kitsThienpont,L.M.Van Landuyt,K.G.Stockl,D.De Leenheer,A.P.1995/7Aluminum OxideBelgiumbloodCalibrationChromatography,High Pressure LiquidCreatinineFreeze DryingGas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationIndicator Dilution TechniquesMethodsQuality ControlReagent Kits,DiagnosticReproducibility of ResultsResearchSensitivity and SpecificitySerumstandardsstatistics & numerical dataNot in File9951003Clin Chem417Laboratoria voor Medische Biochemie en voor Klinische Analyse, University of Ghent, BelgiumPM:7600702Clin Chem1[39][48]. Les conséquences des différences de calibration ne sont pas négligeables, en particulier sur le calcul de la clairance de créatinine et sur l’établissement des valeurs de références de la clairance de créatinine ou sur les résultats des formules d’estimation du DFG basées sur la créatinine  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Myers2006306Recommendations for improving serum creatinine measurement: a report from the laboratory working group of the national kidney disease education programJournal306Recommendations for improving serum creatinine measurement: a report from the laboratory working group of the national kidney disease education programMyers,G.L.Miller,W.G.Coresh,J.Fleming,J.Greenberg,N.Greene,T.Hostetter,T.Levey,A.S.Panteghini,M.Welch,M.Eckfeldt,J.H.2006/1CalibrationCreatininediagnosisDietGlomerular Filtration RateKidneyLaboratoriesMethodsNot in File518Clin.Chem.521Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GAPM:16332993Clin.Chem.1Seronie-Vivien20051177Impact of standardized calibration on the inter-assay variation of 14 automated assays for the measurement of creatinine in human serumJournal1177Impact of standardized calibration on the inter-assay variation of 14 automated assays for the measurement of creatinine in human serumSeronie-Vivien,S.Galteau,M.M.Carlier,M.C.Hadj-Aissa,A.Hanser,A.M.Hym,B.Marchal,A.Michotey,O.Pouteil-Noble,C.Sternberg,M.Perret-Liaudet,A.2005AutomationbloodBlood Chemical AnalysisCalibrationComparative StudyCreatinineFranceGlomerular Filtration RateHumanHumansMethodsReproducibility of ResultsResearchsecondarySerumstandardsNot in File12271233Clin Chem Lab Med.4311Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France. seronie@icr.fnclcc.frPM:16232080Clin Chem Lab Med.1Delanaye2006318Importance of the creatinine calibration in the estimation of GFR by MDRD equationJournal318Importance of the creatinine calibration in the estimation of GFR by MDRD equationDelanaye,P.Cavalier,E.Chapelle,J.P.Krzesinski,J.M.2006/4CalibrationCreatinineNot in File1130Nephrol.Dial.Transplant.214pierre_delanaye@yahoo.frPM:16484234Nephrol.Dial.Transplant.1Murthy2005298Variation in the serum creatinine assay calibration: a practical application to glomerular filtration rate estimationJournal298Variation in the serum creatinine assay calibration: a practical application to glomerular filtration rate estimationMurthy,K.Stevens,L.A.Stark,P.C.Levey,A.S.2005/10CalibrationCreatinineDietGlomerular Filtration RateLaboratoriesMethodsNephrologyNot in File18841887Kidney Int.684Division of Nephrology, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. kalyani.murthy@lahey.orgPM:16164667Kidney Int.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Cobbaert20091176Prime time for enzymatic creatinine methods in pediatricsJournal1176Prime time for enzymatic creatinine methods in pediatricsCobbaert,C.M.Baadenhuijsen,H.Weykamp,C.W.2009/3AdultBilirubinbloodchemistryChildChild,PreschoolCreatinineEnzymesGlomerular Filtration RateHemoglobin AHumansImmunoglobulin GimmunologyKidneyLaboratoriesmetabolismMethodsPediatricsResearchSerumNot in File549558Clin Chem553Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amphia Hospital, Breda. c.cobbaert@planet.nlPM:19168555Clin Chem1Delanghe20081175Trueness verification of actual creatinine assays in the European market demonstrates a disappointing variability that needs substantial improvement. An international study in the framework of the EC4 creatinine standardization working groupJournal1175Trueness verification of actual creatinine assays in the European market demonstrates a disappointing variability that needs substantial improvement. An international study in the framework of the EC4 creatinine standardization working groupDelanghe,J.R.Cobbaert,C.Galteau,M.M.Harmoinen,A.Jansen,R.Kruse,R.Laitinen,P.Thienpont,L.M.Wuyts,B.Weykamp,C.Panteghini,M.2008BelgiumbloodBlood Chemical AnalysisCalibrationchemistryCreatinineEuropeGlomerular Filtration RateIn VitroInternational CooperationLaboratoriesMethodsPediatricsPlasmaReference StandardsReproducibility of ResultsResearchSerumstandardsNot in File13191325Clin Chem Lab Med.469University Hospital, Gent, Belgium. joris.delanghe@ugent.bePM:18605952Clin Chem Lab Med.1Miller20051174Creatinine measurement: state of the art in accuracy and interlaboratory harmonizationJournal1174Creatinine measurement: state of the art in accuracy and interlaboratory harmonizationMiller,W.G.Myers,G.L.Ashwood,E.R.Killeen,A.A.Wang,E.Thienpont,L.M.Siekmann,L.2005/3Bacteriological TechniquesbloodchemistryCreatinineData CollectionDiseaseGlomerular Filtration RateHumansinstrumentationKidneyLaboratoriesLaboratory Techniques and ProceduresMass SpectrometrymetabolismMethodsmicrobiologyObserver VariationPathology,ClinicalPlasmaSerumstandardsstatistics & numerical dataUnited StatesNot in File297304Arch Pathol.Lab Med.1293Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0286, USA. gmiller@vcu.eduPM:15737021Arch Pathol.Lab Med.1Myers2006306Recommendations for improving serum creatinine measurement: a report from the laboratory working group of the national kidney disease education programJournal306Recommendations for improving serum creatinine measurement: a report from the laboratory working group of the national kidney disease education programMyers,G.L.Miller,W.G.Coresh,J.Fleming,J.Greenberg,N.Greene,T.Hostetter,T.Levey,A.S.Panteghini,M.Welch,M.Eckfeldt,J.H.2006/1CalibrationCreatininediagnosisDietGlomerular Filtration RateKidneyLaboratoriesMethodsNot in File518Clin.Chem.521Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GAPM:16332993Clin.Chem.1Seronie-Vivien20051177Impact of standardized calibration on the inter-assay variation of 14 automated assays for the measurement of creatinine in human serumJournal1177Impact of standardized calibration on the inter-assay variation of 14 automated assays for the measurement of creatinine in human serumSeronie-Vivien,S.Galteau,M.M.Carlier,M.C.Hadj-Aissa,A.Hanser,A.M.Hym,B.Marchal,A.Michotey,O.Pouteil-Noble,C.Sternberg,M.Perret-Liaudet,A.2005AutomationbloodBlood Chemical AnalysisCalibrationComparative StudyCreatinineFranceGlomerular Filtration RateHumanHumansMethodsReproducibility of ResultsResearchsecondarySerumstandardsNot in File12271233Clin Chem Lab Med.4311Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France. seronie@icr.fnclcc.frPM:16232080Clin Chem Lab Med.1Coresh2002174Estimating the prevalence of low glomerular filtration rate requires attention to the creatinine assay calibrationJournal174Estimating the prevalence of low glomerular filtration rate requires attention to the creatinine assay calibrationCoresh,J.Eknoyan,G.Levey,A.S.2002/11bloodCalibrationCreatinineEpidemiologic MethodsepidemiologyGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidney DiseasesphysiopathologyPrevalenceUnited StatesNot in File28112812J.Am.Soc.Nephrol.1311PM:12397055J.Am.Soc.Nephrol.1Delanaye2006318Importance of the creatinine calibration in the estimation of GFR by MDRD equationJournal318Importance of the creatinine calibration in the estimation of GFR by MDRD equationDelanaye,P.Cavalier,E.Chapelle,J.P.Krzesinski,J.M.2006/4CalibrationCreatinineNot in File1130Nephrol.Dial.Transplant.214pierre_delanaye@yahoo.frPM:16484234Nephrol.Dial.Transplant.1Van Biesen2005301The importance of standardization of creatinine in the implementation of guidelines and recommendations for CKD: implications for CKD management programmesJournal301The importance of standardization of creatinine in the implementation of guidelines and recommendations for CKD: implications for CKD management programmesVan Biesen,W.Vanholder,R.Veys,N.Verbeke,F.Delanghe,J.de Bacquer,D.Lameire,N.2005/10/12BelgiumclassificationCreatinineFemaleKidneyLaboratoriesMaleMethodsNephrologyObservationNot in File7783Nephrol.Dial.Transplant.211Department of Internal Medicine, University Ghent, BelgiumPM:16221704Nephrol.Dial.Transplant.1Coresh19984Creatinine clearance as a measure of GFR in screenees for the African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension pilot studyJournal4Creatinine clearance as a measure of GFR in screenees for the African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension pilot studyCoresh,J.Toto,R.D.Kirk,K.A.Whelton,P.K.Massry,S.Jones,C.Agodoa,L.Van Lente,F.1998/7African Continental Ancestry GroupanalysisCalibrationComparative StudyContrast MediaCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useethnologyFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanHypertension,RenalIodine RadioisotopesIothalamic AcidKidneyKidney DiseasesKidney Function TestsMaleMethodsMiddle AgedPilot ProjectsPredictive Value of TestsSensitivity and SpecificitySupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.urineNot in File3242Am.J.Kidney Dis.321Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA. coresh@jhu.eduPM:9669421Am.J.Kidney Dis.1Murthy2005298Variation in the serum creatinine assay calibration: a practical application to glomerular filtration rate estimationJournal298Variation in the serum creatinine assay calibration: a practical application to glomerular filtration rate estimationMurthy,K.Stevens,L.A.Stark,P.C.Levey,A.S.2005/10CalibrationCreatinineDietGlomerular Filtration RateLaboratoriesMethodsNephrologyNot in File18841887Kidney Int.684Division of Nephrology, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. kalyani.murthy@lahey.orgPM:16164667Kidney Int.1[40-43][47,49-57]. La ref 49 pour moi est Cobbaert donc parle des interférences et pas de l’impact sur le DFG. Dans la série on peut aussi retirer ton ami Delanghe et Miller donc ref 49 50 et 51 Récemment, de nombreux efforts ont été réalisés afin de tenter d’harmoniser et de standardiser les résultats de créatinine. Dans ce contexte, l’élaboration d’une méthode de référence pour la mesure de créatinine qui soit solide, sensible, extrêmement spécifique, reproductible et transférable  (c'est-à-dire que la valeur obtenue avec cette méthode doit être identique dans tous les laboratoires du monde) est essentielle. Comme pour d’autres analyses, la méthode qui est considérée, de nos jours, comme méthode de référence est sans aucun doute la méthode de dosage basée sur la chromatographie couplée à la spectrométrie de masse avec dilution isotopique (SM-DI) (IDMS)  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Bjorkhem1977859Mass fragmentography of creatinine proposed as a reference methodJournal859Mass fragmentography of creatinine proposed as a reference methodBjorkhem,I.Blomstrand,R.Ohman,G.1977/11analysisbloodComparative StudyCreatinineGas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryHumansKidney TransplantationKineticsMass FragmentographyMethodsurineNot in File21142121Clin Chem2311PM:334396Clin Chem1Thienpont19951084Candidate reference method for determining serum creatinine by isocratic HPLC: validation with isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and application for accuracy assessment of routine test kitsJournal1084Candidate reference method for determining serum creatinine by isocratic HPLC: validation with isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and application for accuracy assessment of routine test kitsThienpont,L.M.Van Landuyt,K.G.Stockl,D.De Leenheer,A.P.1995/7Aluminum OxideBelgiumbloodCalibrationChromatography,High Pressure LiquidCreatinineFreeze DryingGas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationIndicator Dilution TechniquesMethodsQuality ControlReagent Kits,DiagnosticReproducibility of ResultsResearchSensitivity and SpecificitySerumstandardsstatistics & numerical dataNot in File9951003Clin Chem417Laboratoria voor Medische Biochemie en voor Klinische Analyse, University of Ghent, BelgiumPM:7600702Clin Chem1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Bjorkhem1977859Mass fragmentography of creatinine proposed as a reference methodJournal859Mass fragmentography of creatinine proposed as a reference methodBjorkhem,I.Blomstrand,R.Ohman,G.1977/11analysisbloodComparative StudyCreatinineGas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryHumansKidney TransplantationKineticsMass FragmentographyMethodsurineNot in File21142121Clin Chem2311PM:334396Clin Chem1Thienpont19951084Candidate reference method for determining serum creatinine by isocratic HPLC: validation with isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and application for accuracy assessment of routine test kitsJournal1084Candidate reference method for determining serum creatinine by isocratic HPLC: validation with isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and application for accuracy assessment of routine test kitsThienpont,L.M.Van Landuyt,K.G.Stockl,D.De Leenheer,A.P.1995/7Aluminum OxideBelgiumbloodCalibrationChromatography,High Pressure LiquidCreatinineFreeze DryingGas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationIndicator Dilution TechniquesMethodsQuality ControlReagent Kits,DiagnosticReproducibility of ResultsResearchSensitivity and SpecificitySerumstandardsstatistics & numerical dataNot in File9951003Clin Chem417Laboratoria voor Medische Biochemie en voor Klinische Analyse, University of Ghent, BelgiumPM:7600702Clin Chem1[39,44][48,58]. Les méthodes de dosage de la créatinine sont donc sensées se calibrer sur cette méthode de référence et être traçables par rapport à la SM-DI « IDMS traçable », ce qui a un impact pratique important pour l’estimation du DFG par les formules basées sur la créatinine  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Seronie-Vivien20081133Evolution des modalités d'évaluation de la fonction rénale basée sur la créatinine entre 2005 et 2008: conséquences pour les biologistesJournal1133Evolution des modalités d'évaluation de la fonction rénale basée sur la créatinine entre 2005 et 2008: conséquences pour les biologistesSeronie-Vivien,S.Pieroni,L.Galteau,M.M.Carlier,M.C.Hanser,A.M.Cristol,J.P.2008/5bloodChronic DiseaseCreatininediagnosisEnglish AbstractFranceGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidney DiseasesMass SpectrometryMethodsPractice Guidelines as TopicNot in File263268Ann.Biol Clin (Paris)663Departement de biologie clinique, Institut Claudius Regaud, Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France. seronie-vivien.sophie@claudiusregaud.frPM:18558564Ann.Biol Clin (Paris)1Delanaye2008631Formula-based estimates of the GFR: equations variable and uncertainJournal631Formula-based estimates of the GFR: equations variable and uncertainDelanaye,P.Cohen,E.P.2008BelgiumCreatinineDietepidemiologyGlomerular Filtration RateKidneyLaboratoriesPrevalenceNot in Filec48c53Nephron Clin Pract.1101Department of Nephrology-Dialysis, University of Liege, CHU Sart Tilman, Liege, Belgium. pierre_delanaye@yahoo.frPM:18708727Nephron Clin Pract.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Seronie-Vivien20081133Evolution des modalités d'évaluation de la fonction rénale basée sur la créatinine entre 2005 et 2008: conséquences pour les biologistesJournal1133Evolution des modalités d'évaluation de la fonction rénale basée sur la créatinine entre 2005 et 2008: conséquences pour les biologistesSeronie-Vivien,S.Pieroni,L.Galteau,M.M.Carlier,M.C.Hanser,A.M.Cristol,J.P.2008/5bloodChronic DiseaseCreatininediagnosisEnglish AbstractFranceGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidney DiseasesMass SpectrometryMethodsPractice Guidelines as TopicNot in File263268Ann.Biol Clin (Paris)663Departement de biologie clinique, Institut Claudius Regaud, Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France. seronie-vivien.sophie@claudiusregaud.frPM:18558564Ann.Biol Clin (Paris)1Delanaye2008631Formula-based estimates of the GFR: equations variable and uncertainJournal631Formula-based estimates of the GFR: equations variable and uncertainDelanaye,P.Cohen,E.P.2008BelgiumCreatinineDietepidemiologyGlomerular Filtration RateKidneyLaboratoriesPrevalenceNot in Filec48c53Nephron Clin Pract.1101Department of Nephrology-Dialysis, University of Liege, CHU Sart Tilman, Liege, Belgium. pierre_delanaye@yahoo.frPM:18708727Nephron Clin Pract.1[45,46][59,60]. Très bons auteurs.
3 Physiologie et impact sur l’interprétation de la créatinine
3.1 Créatine et créatinine
La créatinine, dont le poids moléculaire est de 113 daltons, est le catabolite anhydrique de la créatine et, dans une moindre mesure, de la phospho-créatine. De ce point de vue, la créatinine est un catabolite terminal, physiologiquement inerte. L’interprétation de la créatinine repose sur la connaissance de la créatine dont elle dérive. La créatine est synthétisée en deux étapes. La première étape est une réaction entre la glycine et l’arginine qui, via l’action d’une transamidase, va donner l’acide guanidinoacétique. Cette réaction se produit au niveau des reins, du petit intestin, du pancréas, du cerveau, de la rate, des glandes mammaires et du foie. Au niveau du foie, l’acide guanidinoacétique sera méthylé à partir de la S-adenosylméthionine pour donner la créatine  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Heymsfield1983458Measurement of muscle mass in humans: validity of the 24-hour urinary creatinine methodJournal458Measurement of muscle mass in humans: validity of the 24-hour urinary creatinine methodHeymsfield,S.B.Arteaga,C.McManus,C.Smith,J.Moffitt,S.1983/3Adultanatomy & histologyAnimalsBody WeightChildComparative StudyCreatineCreatinineDietEvaluation StudiesHumanHumansMathematicsmetabolismMethodsMusclesOrgan WeightSupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.Time FactorsurineNot in File478494Am J Clin Nutr.373PM:6829490Am J Clin Nutr.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Heymsfield1983458Measurement of muscle mass in humans: validity of the 24-hour urinary creatinine methodJournal458Measurement of muscle mass in humans: validity of the 24-hour urinary creatinine methodHeymsfield,S.B.Arteaga,C.McManus,C.Smith,J.Moffitt,S.1983/3Adultanatomy & histologyAnimalsBody WeightChildComparative StudyCreatineCreatinineDietEvaluation StudiesHumanHumansMathematicsmetabolismMethodsMusclesOrgan WeightSupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.Time FactorsurineNot in File478494Am J Clin Nutr.373PM:6829490Am J Clin Nutr.1[47][61]. La créatine est alors transportée vers d’autres organes (cerveau, foie, reins). La majorité de la créatine (98%) sera cependant destinée aux muscles où sa phosphorylation par la créatine kinase en phospho-créatine donnera un composé à haute valeur énergétique absolument nécessaire au processus de contraction musculaire  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Cocchetto1983204Decreased rate of creatinine production in patients with hepatic disease: implications for estimation of creatinine clearanceJournal204Decreased rate of creatinine production in patients with hepatic disease: implications for estimation of creatinine clearanceCocchetto,D.M.Tschanz,C.Bjornsson,T.D.1983/6AdultAge FactorsbloodBody WeightCreatinineFemaleHumanKidneyLiver DiseasesMalemetabolismMiddle AgedSex FactorsSupport,Non-U.S.Gov'turineNot in File161168Ther.Drug Monit.52PM:6879639Ther.Drug Monit.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Cocchetto1983204Decreased rate of creatinine production in patients with hepatic disease: implications for estimation of creatinine clearanceJournal204Decreased rate of creatinine production in patients with hepatic disease: implications for estimation of creatinine clearanceCocchetto,D.M.Tschanz,C.Bjornsson,T.D.1983/6AdultAge FactorsbloodBody WeightCreatinineFemaleHumanKidneyLiver DiseasesMalemetabolismMiddle AgedSex FactorsSupport,Non-U.S.Gov'turineNot in File161168Ther.Drug Monit.52PM:6879639Ther.Drug Monit.1[48][62]. La créatinine est donc synthétisée à partir de la créatine suite à une réaction irréversible et non enzymatique  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Borsook1947840The hydrolysis of phosphocreatine and the origin of urinary creatinineJournal840The hydrolysis of phosphocreatine and the origin of urinary creatinineBorsook,H.Dubnoff,J.W.1947CreatinineNot in File493510J.Biol.Chem.168J.Biol.Chem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Borsook1947840The hydrolysis of phosphocreatine and the origin of urinary creatinineJournal840The hydrolysis of phosphocreatine and the origin of urinary creatinineBorsook,H.Dubnoff,J.W.1947CreatinineNot in File493510J.Biol.Chem.168J.Biol.Chem.1[49][63]. (Iil semble que, sous certaines conditions, la phospho-créatine puisse aussi y participer) ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Borsook1947840The hydrolysis of phosphocreatine and the origin of urinary creatinineJournal840The hydrolysis of phosphocreatine and the origin of urinary creatinineBorsook,H.Dubnoff,J.W.1947CreatinineNot in File493510J.Biol.Chem.168J.Biol.Chem.1[63]. Par jour, 1 à 2% de la créatine musculaire est convertie en créatinine  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Heymsfield1983458Measurement of muscle mass in humans: validity of the 24-hour urinary creatinine methodJournal458Measurement of muscle mass in humans: validity of the 24-hour urinary creatinine methodHeymsfield,S.B.Arteaga,C.McManus,C.Smith,J.Moffitt,S.1983/3Adultanatomy & histologyAnimalsBody WeightChildComparative StudyCreatineCreatinineDietEvaluation StudiesHumanHumansMathematicsmetabolismMethodsMusclesOrgan WeightSupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.Time FactorsurineNot in File478494Am J Clin Nutr.373PM:6829490Am J Clin Nutr.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Heymsfield1983458Measurement of muscle mass in humans: validity of the 24-hour urinary creatinine methodJournal458Measurement of muscle mass in humans: validity of the 24-hour urinary creatinine methodHeymsfield,S.B.Arteaga,C.McManus,C.Smith,J.Moffitt,S.1983/3Adultanatomy & histologyAnimalsBody WeightChildComparative StudyCreatineCreatinineDietEvaluation StudiesHumanHumansMathematicsmetabolismMethodsMusclesOrgan WeightSupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.Time FactorsurineNot in File478494Am J Clin Nutr.373PM:6829490Am J Clin Nutr.1[47][61]. Il apparaît donc évident que la concentration de créatinine est avant tout dépendante de la masse musculaire  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Heymsfield1983458Measurement of muscle mass in humans: validity of the 24-hour urinary creatinine methodJournal458Measurement of muscle mass in humans: validity of the 24-hour urinary creatinine methodHeymsfield,S.B.Arteaga,C.McManus,C.Smith,J.Moffitt,S.1983/3Adultanatomy & histologyAnimalsBody WeightChildComparative StudyCreatineCreatinineDietEvaluation StudiesHumanHumansMathematicsmetabolismMethodsMusclesOrgan WeightSupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.Time FactorsurineNot in File478494Am J Clin Nutr.373PM:6829490Am J Clin Nutr.1Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1Spencer1986790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineJournal790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineSpencer,K.1986/1analysisBilirubinBiochemistrybloodCephalosporinsCreatininediagnostic useFatty AcidsGlomerular Filtration RateHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationKetonesKidney DiseasesKineticsmetabolismphysiologyPicratesTemperatureUreohydrolasesNot in File125Ann.Clin Biochem.23 ( Pt 1)PM:3532908Ann.Clin Biochem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Heymsfield1983458Measurement of muscle mass in humans: validity of the 24-hour urinary creatinine methodJournal458Measurement of muscle mass in humans: validity of the 24-hour urinary creatinine methodHeymsfield,S.B.Arteaga,C.McManus,C.Smith,J.Moffitt,S.1983/3Adultanatomy & histologyAnimalsBody WeightChildComparative StudyCreatineCreatinineDietEvaluation StudiesHumanHumansMathematicsmetabolismMethodsMusclesOrgan WeightSupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.Time FactorsurineNot in File478494Am J Clin Nutr.373PM:6829490Am J Clin Nutr.1Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1Spencer1986790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineJournal790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineSpencer,K.1986/1analysisBilirubinBiochemistrybloodCephalosporinsCreatininediagnostic useFatty AcidsGlomerular Filtration RateHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationKetonesKidney DiseasesKineticsmetabolismphysiologyPicratesTemperatureUreohydrolasesNot in File125Ann.Clin Biochem.23 ( Pt 1)PM:3532908Ann.Clin Biochem.1Folin19651142Laws governing the chemical composition of urineJournal1142Laws governing the chemical composition of urineFolin,O.1965urineNot in File66115Am J Physiol13Am J Physiol1Shaffer1908841The excretion of kreatinine and kreatin in health and diseaseJournal841The excretion of kreatinine and kreatin in health and diseaseShaffer,P.1908DiseaseHealthNot in File122Am.J.Physiol.23Am.J.Physiol.1[20,26,47][24,32,61,64,65]. Les différences pouvant s’observer dans les concentrations de créatinine entre hommes et femmes, entre personnes âgées et jeunes, entre sujets d’ethnies différentes sont donc principalement expliquées, en l’absence de maladie rénale, par les différences de masse musculaire entre ces groupes  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1Walser1998118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureJournal118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureWalser,M.1998/7AdultanalysisCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidney Failure,ChronicKidney Function TestsMalepharmacologyphysiopathologysecretionurineNot in File2331Am.J.Kidney Dis.321Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. mwalser@bs.jhmi.eduPM:9669420Am.J.Kidney Dis.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1Walser1998118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureJournal118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureWalser,M.1998/7AdultanalysisCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidney Failure,ChronicKidney Function TestsMalepharmacologyphysiopathologysecretionurineNot in File2331Am.J.Kidney Dis.321Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. mwalser@bs.jhmi.eduPM:9669420Am.J.Kidney Dis.1Folin19651142Laws governing the chemical composition of urineJournal1142Laws governing the chemical composition of urineFolin,O.1965urineNot in File66115Am J Physiol13Am J Physiol1[20,50][24,64,66]. Nous aborderons la suite de la physiologie de la créatinine en fonction des conditions nécessaires pour qu’un marqueur soit considéré comme un marqueur idéal du DFG. Rappelons tout d’abord que, vu son poids moléculaire et l’absence de liaison aux protéines, la créatinine est librement filtrée au niveau glomérulaire et n’est pas liée aux protéines  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1[20][24].
3.2 La production de créatinine est-elle constante ?
En situation d’équilibre, la concentration de créatinine est stable chez un même individu car sa production journalière, à partir de la créatine musculaire est constante  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Shaffer1908841The excretion of kreatinine and kreatin in health and diseaseJournal841The excretion of kreatinine and kreatin in health and diseaseShaffer,P.1908DiseaseHealthNot in File122Am.J.Physiol.23Am.J.Physiol.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Shaffer1908841The excretion of kreatinine and kreatin in health and diseaseJournal841The excretion of kreatinine and kreatin in health and diseaseShaffer,P.1908DiseaseHealthNot in File122Am.J.Physiol.23Am.J.Physiol.1[51][65]. En l’absence d’excrétion extrarénale (ce qui est le plus souvent le cas), l’élimination rénale de créatinine reflète cette production  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1[20][24]. Cet équilibre de production peut néanmoins être rompu dans certaines situations physiologiques et physiopathologiques. Ainsi, si le contenu corporel total en créatine reste constant chez le sujet en bonne santé, celui-ci peut varier drastiquement en cas de pathologie musculaire (myopathies infectieuse, génétique, dégénérative ou auto-immune, hyperthyroïdisme, para- ou quadriplégie, amputation, traitement chronique par stéroïdes  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Horber1985831Overestimation of renal function in glucocorticosteroid treated patientsJournal831Overestimation of renal function in glucocorticosteroid treated patientsHorber,F.F.Scheidegger,J.Frey,F.J.1985AdultBody WeightCreatinineFemaleGlucocorticoidsHumansKidneyMalemetabolismMiddle AgedMusclespathologyPrednisoneradiographySerumThighTomography,X-Ray ComputedNot in File537541Eur.J Clin Pharmacol.285PM:4043198Eur.J Clin Pharmacol.1Kasiske1989404Creatinine excretion after renal transplantationJournal404Creatinine excretion after renal transplantationKasiske,B.L.1989/9Age FactorsanalysisBody WeightCreatinineDiabetes ComplicationsGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidney TransplantationMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismMultivariate AnalysisObesityRenal DialysisTime FactorsurineNot in File424428Transplantation483Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, MinneapolisPM:2675399Transplantation1Friedman1980832Effects of diseases on clinical laboratory testsJournal832Effects of diseases on clinical laboratory testsFriedman,R.B.Anderson,R.E.Entine,S.M.Hirshberg,S.B.1980Blood Chemical AnalysisChemistry,ClinicalDiseaseHumansLaboratoriesLaboratory Techniques and ProceduresurineNot in File1D476DClin Chem264 SupplPM:7363487Clin Chem1Mohler1986205The evaluation of creatinine clearance in spinal cord injury patientsJournal205The evaluation of creatinine clearance in spinal cord injury patientsMohler,J.L.Barton,S.D.Blouin,R.A.Cowen,D.L.Flanigan,R.C.1986/8AdultAge FactorsanalysisBody HeightBody WeightComparative StudyCreatinineFemaleHumanKidneyKidney Function TestsMalemetabolismMiddle AgedParaplegiaphysiopathologyQuadriplegiaRegression AnalysisSpinal Cord InjuriesTime FactorsNot in File366369J.Urol.1362PM:3735496J.Urol.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Horber1985831Overestimation of renal function in glucocorticosteroid treated patientsJournal831Overestimation of renal function in glucocorticosteroid treated patientsHorber,F.F.Scheidegger,J.Frey,F.J.1985AdultBody WeightCreatinineFemaleGlucocorticoidsHumansKidneyMalemetabolismMiddle AgedMusclespathologyPrednisoneradiographySerumThighTomography,X-Ray ComputedNot in File537541Eur.J Clin Pharmacol.285PM:4043198Eur.J Clin Pharmacol.1Kasiske1989404Creatinine excretion after renal transplantationJournal404Creatinine excretion after renal transplantationKasiske,B.L.1989/9Age FactorsanalysisBody WeightCreatinineDiabetes ComplicationsGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidney TransplantationMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismMultivariate AnalysisObesityRenal DialysisTime FactorsurineNot in File424428Transplantation483Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, MinneapolisPM:2675399Transplantation1Friedman1980832Effects of diseases on clinical laboratory testsJournal832Effects of diseases on clinical laboratory testsFriedman,R.B.Anderson,R.E.Entine,S.M.Hirshberg,S.B.1980Blood Chemical AnalysisChemistry,ClinicalDiseaseHumansLaboratoriesLaboratory Techniques and ProceduresurineNot in File1D476DClin Chem264 SupplPM:7363487Clin Chem1Mohler1986205The evaluation of creatinine clearance in spinal cord injury patientsJournal205The evaluation of creatinine clearance in spinal cord injury patientsMohler,J.L.Barton,S.D.Blouin,R.A.Cowen,D.L.Flanigan,R.C.1986/8AdultAge FactorsanalysisBody HeightBody WeightComparative StudyCreatinineFemaleHumanKidneyKidney Function TestsMalemetabolismMiddle AgedParaplegiaphysiopathologyQuadriplegiaRegression AnalysisSpinal Cord InjuriesTime FactorsNot in File366369J.Urol.1362PM:3735496J.Urol.1[52-55][67-70]) ou, de manière plus générale, en cas de maladie s’accompagnant d’une anorexie et d’une perte musculaire (cirrhose, soins intensifs etc)  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Cocchetto1983204Decreased rate of creatinine production in patients with hepatic disease: implications for estimation of creatinine clearanceJournal204Decreased rate of creatinine production in patients with hepatic disease: implications for estimation of creatinine clearanceCocchetto,D.M.Tschanz,C.Bjornsson,T.D.1983/6AdultAge FactorsbloodBody WeightCreatinineFemaleHumanKidneyLiver DiseasesMalemetabolismMiddle AgedSex FactorsSupport,Non-U.S.Gov'turineNot in File161168Ther.Drug Monit.52PM:6879639Ther.Drug Monit.1Shaffer1908841The excretion of kreatinine and kreatin in health and diseaseJournal841The excretion of kreatinine and kreatin in health and diseaseShaffer,P.1908DiseaseHealthNot in File122Am.J.Physiol.23Am.J.Physiol.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Cocchetto1983204Decreased rate of creatinine production in patients with hepatic disease: implications for estimation of creatinine clearanceJournal204Decreased rate of creatinine production in patients with hepatic disease: implications for estimation of creatinine clearanceCocchetto,D.M.Tschanz,C.Bjornsson,T.D.1983/6AdultAge FactorsbloodBody WeightCreatinineFemaleHumanKidneyLiver DiseasesMalemetabolismMiddle AgedSex FactorsSupport,Non-U.S.Gov'turineNot in File161168Ther.Drug Monit.52PM:6879639Ther.Drug Monit.1Shaffer1908841The excretion of kreatinine and kreatin in health and diseaseJournal841The excretion of kreatinine and kreatin in health and diseaseShaffer,P.1908DiseaseHealthNot in File122Am.J.Physiol.23Am.J.Physiol.1[48,51][62,65]. Dans de telles situations de déficit musculaire, la concentration sérique de créatinine diminuera, (ou n’augmentera pas alors qu’une insuffisance rénale se développe) ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1[20][24].
De même, la production de créatinine pourrait logiquement diminuer avec l’âge  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1[20][24] mais cette diminution est « compensée » par une diminution physiologique du DFG (mesuré par une technique de référence ou estimé par la clairance de créatinine) ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1Walser1998118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureJournal118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureWalser,M.1998/7AdultanalysisCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidney Failure,ChronicKidney Function TestsMalepharmacologyphysiopathologysecretionurineNot in File2331Am.J.Kidney Dis.321Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. mwalser@bs.jhmi.eduPM:9669420Am.J.Kidney Dis.1DAVIES1950913Age changes in glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, and tubular excretory capacity in adult malesJournal913Age changes in glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, and tubular excretory capacity in adult malesDAVIES,D.F.Shock,N.W.1950/5AdultGlomerular Filtration RateKidneyMalePlasmaRenal Plasma FlowUreaNot in File496507J Clin Invest295PM:15415454J Clin Invest1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Lindeman1985190Longitudinal studies on the rate of decline in renal function with ageJournal190Longitudinal studies on the rate of decline in renal function with ageLindeman,R.D.Tobin,J.Shock,N.W.1985/4AdultAgedAgingbloodCreatinineHumanHypertensionKidneyLongitudinal StudiesMalemetabolismMiddle AgedphysiologyphysiopathologyRegression AnalysisUrologic DiseasesNot in File278285J.Am.Geriatr Soc.334PM:3989190J.Am.Geriatr Soc.1Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1Walser1998118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureJournal118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureWalser,M.1998/7AdultanalysisCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidney Failure,ChronicKidney Function TestsMalepharmacologyphysiopathologysecretionurineNot in File2331Am.J.Kidney Dis.321Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. mwalser@bs.jhmi.eduPM:9669420Am.J.Kidney Dis.1DAVIES1950913Age changes in glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, and tubular excretory capacity in adult malesJournal913Age changes in glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, and tubular excretory capacity in adult malesDAVIES,D.F.Shock,N.W.1950/5AdultGlomerular Filtration RateKidneyMalePlasmaRenal Plasma FlowUreaNot in File496507J Clin Invest295PM:15415454J Clin Invest1[20,50,56][24,66,71,72]. En pédiatrie, les variations de créatinine observées chez les enfants en croissance sont expliquées par le gain en masse musculaire. Ceci est d’ailleurs source de difficultés pour les pédiatres car les valeurs de référence de créatinine chez les enfants varient avec l’âge  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Schwartz19761038Plasma creatinine and urea concentration in children: normal values for age and sexJournal1038Plasma creatinine and urea concentration in children: normal values for age and sexSchwartz,G.J.Haycock,G.B.Spitzer,A.1976/5AdolescentAdultAge FactorsbloodChildChild,PreschoolCreatinineFemaleHumansInfantMalePlasmaResearchSex FactorsUreaNot in File828830J Pediatr.885PM:1271147J Pediatr.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Schwartz19761038Plasma creatinine and urea concentration in children: normal values for age and sexJournal1038Plasma creatinine and urea concentration in children: normal values for age and sexSchwartz,G.J.Haycock,G.B.Spitzer,A.1976/5AdolescentAdultAge FactorsbloodChildChild,PreschoolCreatinineFemaleHumansInfantMalePlasmaResearchSex FactorsUreaNot in File828830J Pediatr.885PM:1271147J Pediatr.1[57][73]. Signalons enfin qu’en cas de maladie hépatique, certains auteurs ont également suggéré, mais cela reste hypothétique, que la diminution observée de la production sérique de créatine et de créatinine pouvaient être liées, non seulement à une diminution de la masse musculaire, mais aussi à une diminution de la synthèse de la créatine par le foie malade  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Cocchetto1983204Decreased rate of creatinine production in patients with hepatic disease: implications for estimation of creatinine clearanceJournal204Decreased rate of creatinine production in patients with hepatic disease: implications for estimation of creatinine clearanceCocchetto,D.M.Tschanz,C.Bjornsson,T.D.1983/6AdultAge FactorsbloodBody WeightCreatinineFemaleHumanKidneyLiver DiseasesMalemetabolismMiddle AgedSex FactorsSupport,Non-U.S.Gov'turineNot in File161168Ther.Drug Monit.52PM:6879639Ther.Drug Monit.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Cocchetto1983204Decreased rate of creatinine production in patients with hepatic disease: implications for estimation of creatinine clearanceJournal204Decreased rate of creatinine production in patients with hepatic disease: implications for estimation of creatinine clearanceCocchetto,D.M.Tschanz,C.Bjornsson,T.D.1983/6AdultAge FactorsbloodBody WeightCreatinineFemaleHumanKidneyLiver DiseasesMalemetabolismMiddle AgedSex FactorsSupport,Non-U.S.Gov'turineNot in File161168Ther.Drug Monit.52PM:6879639Ther.Drug Monit.1[48][62]. Il peut également exister des situations où le taux de conversion créatine-créatinine est modifié et, vu la réserve importante en créatine, une petite variation de ce taux, normalement de 1 à 2% par jour, peut avoir de grandes conséquences en terme de concentration et d’excrétion de créatinine  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1Crim19761034Creatine metabolism in men: creatine pool size and turnover in relation to creatine intakeJournal1034Creatine metabolism in men: creatine pool size and turnover in relation to creatine intakeCrim,M.C.Calloway,D.H.Margen,S.1976CreatinemetabolismNot in File371381J Nutr.106J Nutr.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1Crim19761034Creatine metabolism in men: creatine pool size and turnover in relation to creatine intakeJournal1034Creatine metabolism in men: creatine pool size and turnover in relation to creatine intakeCrim,M.C.Calloway,D.H.Margen,S.1976CreatinemetabolismNot in File371381J Nutr.106J Nutr.1[20,58][24,74]. En cas de rhabdomyolyse, la créatinine peut subitement augmenter et la rapidité de l’augmentation ne s’expliquant pas seulement par la diminution éventuelle du DFG, certains ont émis l’hypothèse d’une augmentation de la production de créatinine à partir de la créatine et, dans ce cas précis, à partir de la phosho-créatine. Par ailleurs, en cas de maladie hépatique, une diminution de la conversion de créatine en créatinine a pu être suggérée  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Papadakis198780Unpredictability of clinical evaluation of renal function in cirrhosis. Prospective studyJournal80Unpredictability of clinical evaluation of renal function in cirrhosis. Prospective studyPapadakis,M.A.Arieff,A.I.1987/5AdultAgedbloodBlood Urea NitrogenCreatinineGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidneyKidney Function TestsLiverLiver Cirrhosis,AlcoholicMaleMiddle AgedphysiopathologyProspective StudiesSupport,Non-U.S.Gov'tSupport,U.S.Gov't,Non-P.H.S.UreaNot in File945952Am.J.Med.825PM:3578363Am.J.Med.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Papadakis198780Unpredictability of clinical evaluation of renal function in cirrhosis. Prospective studyJournal80Unpredictability of clinical evaluation of renal function in cirrhosis. Prospective studyPapadakis,M.A.Arieff,A.I.1987/5AdultAgedbloodBlood Urea NitrogenCreatinineGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidneyKidney Function TestsLiverLiver Cirrhosis,AlcoholicMaleMiddle AgedphysiopathologyProspective StudiesSupport,Non-U.S.Gov'tSupport,U.S.Gov't,Non-P.H.S.UreaNot in File945952Am.J.Med.825PM:3578363Am.J.Med.1[59][75].
3.3 Le muscle est-il la seule source de créatinine ?
La production (au sens arrivée dans l’organisme)L’apport de créatinine peut aussi être augmentée par les augmenter après un repas. L’ingestion de viande non cuite est une source d’apport de créatine (apporte 3,5 à 5 mg de créatine par gramme de viande maigre de bœuf) ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1[20][24]. La prise de 1 gramme de créatine pure augmente le pool de créatine et l’excrétion urinaire de créatinine peut augmenter jusqu’à 25%  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1Crim19761034Creatine metabolism in men: creatine pool size and turnover in relation to creatine intakeJournal1034Creatine metabolism in men: creatine pool size and turnover in relation to creatine intakeCrim,M.C.Calloway,D.H.Margen,S.1976CreatinemetabolismNot in File371381J Nutr.106J Nutr.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE BLEILER1962835Creatinine excretion: variability and relationships to diet and body sizeJournal835Creatinine excretion: variability and relationships to diet and body sizeBLEILER,R.E.SCHEDL,H.P.1962/6Body SizeBody WeightCreatineCreatinineDietNutritional Physiological PhenomenaurineNot in File945955J Lab Clin Med.59PM:13869979J Lab Clin Med.1Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1Crim19761034Creatine metabolism in men: creatine pool size and turnover in relation to creatine intakeJournal1034Creatine metabolism in men: creatine pool size and turnover in relation to creatine intakeCrim,M.C.Calloway,D.H.Margen,S.1976CreatinemetabolismNot in File371381J Nutr.106J Nutr.1Cockcroft197611Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinineJournal11Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinineCockcroft,D.W.Gault,M.H.1976AdolescentAdultAge FactorsAgedbloodBody WeightCreatinineHumanKidneyMaleMathematicsMethodsMiddle AgedphysiologyurineNot in File3141Nephron161PM:1244564Nephron1[20,58][24,74,76,77]. Si le contenu en créatinine d’une viande non cuite est négligeable (1 gramme de bœuf = 0,2 à 0,4 mg de créatinine pour 3,5 à 5 mg de créatine), la cuisson entraînera, en fonction de la température et de la durée de cuisson, une transformation de 18 à 65% de la créatine de la viande en créatinine qui sera ensuite absorbée au niveau digestif puis excrétée par les reins  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Hayman1935817On the presence of creatinine in bloodJournal817On the presence of creatinine in bloodHayman,J.M.Johnston,S.M.Bender,J.A.1935bloodCreatinineNot in File675691J.Biol.Chem.108J.Biol.Chem.1Crim19761034Creatine metabolism in men: creatine pool size and turnover in relation to creatine intakeJournal1034Creatine metabolism in men: creatine pool size and turnover in relation to creatine intakeCrim,M.C.Calloway,D.H.Margen,S.1976CreatinemetabolismNot in File371381J Nutr.106J Nutr.1Heymsfield1983458Measurement of muscle mass in humans: validity of the 24-hour urinary creatinine methodJournal458Measurement of muscle mass in humans: validity of the 24-hour urinary creatinine methodHeymsfield,S.B.Arteaga,C.McManus,C.Smith,J.Moffitt,S.1983/3Adultanatomy & histologyAnimalsBody WeightChildComparative StudyCreatineCreatinineDietEvaluation StudiesHumanHumansMathematicsmetabolismMethodsMusclesOrgan WeightSupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.Time FactorsurineNot in File478494Am J Clin Nutr.373PM:6829490Am J Clin Nutr.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Hayman1935817On the presence of creatinine in bloodJournal817On the presence of creatinine in bloodHayman,J.M.Johnston,S.M.Bender,J.A.1935bloodCreatinineNot in File675691J.Biol.Chem.108J.Biol.Chem.1BLEILER1962835Creatinine excretion: variability and relationships to diet and body sizeJournal835Creatinine excretion: variability and relationships to diet and body sizeBLEILER,R.E.SCHEDL,H.P.1962/6Body SizeBody WeightCreatineCreatinineDietNutritional Physiological PhenomenaurineNot in File945955J Lab Clin Med.59PM:13869979J Lab Clin Med.1Crim19761034Creatine metabolism in men: creatine pool size and turnover in relation to creatine intakeJournal1034Creatine metabolism in men: creatine pool size and turnover in relation to creatine intakeCrim,M.C.Calloway,D.H.Margen,S.1976CreatinemetabolismNot in File371381J Nutr.106J Nutr.1Heymsfield1983458Measurement of muscle mass in humans: validity of the 24-hour urinary creatinine methodJournal458Measurement of muscle mass in humans: validity of the 24-hour urinary creatinine methodHeymsfield,S.B.Arteaga,C.McManus,C.Smith,J.Moffitt,S.1983/3Adultanatomy & histologyAnimalsBody WeightChildComparative StudyCreatineCreatinineDietEvaluation StudiesHumanHumansMathematicsmetabolismMethodsMusclesOrgan WeightSupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.Time FactorsurineNot in File478494Am J Clin Nutr.373PM:6829490Am J Clin Nutr.1[12,47,58][29,61,74,76]. L’effet d’un repas riche en créatine sur la concentration sérique de créatinine reste très discuté, entrainant une variation de la créatinine de 10 à 100% selon les auteurs  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Preiss20071124The influence of a cooked-meat meal on estimated glomerular filtration rateJournal1124The influence of a cooked-meat meal on estimated glomerular filtration ratePreiss,D.J.Godber,I.M.Lamb,E.J.Dalton,R.N.Gunn,I.R.2007/1BiochemistryBiological MarkersbloodclassificationCookeryCreatininediagnosisDiet,VegetarianDiseaseFastingFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidneyLaboratoriesMaleMass SpectrometryMeatMethodsMiddle AgedOutpatientsphysiologyPostprandial PeriodResearchSerumNot in File3542Ann.Clin Biochem.44Pt 1Wishaw General Hospital, 50 Netherton Street, Wishaw ML2 0DP, UKPM:17270090Ann.Clin Biochem.1Mayersohn1983116The influence of a cooked meat meal on creatinine plasma concentration and creatinine clearanceJournal116The influence of a cooked meat meal on creatinine plasma concentration and creatinine clearanceMayersohn,M.Conrad,K.A.Achari,R.1983/2AdultAnimalsbloodCattleCreatinineHumanMaleMeatMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismurineNot in File227230Br.J.Clin.Pharmacol.152PM:6849756Br.J.Clin.Pharmacol.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Preiss20071124The influence of a cooked-meat meal on estimated glomerular filtration rateJournal1124The influence of a cooked-meat meal on estimated glomerular filtration ratePreiss,D.J.Godber,I.M.Lamb,E.J.Dalton,R.N.Gunn,I.R.2007/1BiochemistryBiological MarkersbloodclassificationCookeryCreatininediagnosisDiet,VegetarianDiseaseFastingFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidneyLaboratoriesMaleMass SpectrometryMeatMethodsMiddle AgedOutpatientsphysiologyPostprandial PeriodResearchSerumNot in File3542Ann.Clin Biochem.44Pt 1Wishaw General Hospital, 50 Netherton Street, Wishaw ML2 0DP, UKPM:17270090Ann.Clin Biochem.1Jacobsen19801053Evaluation of kidney function after mealsJournal1053Evaluation of kidney function after mealsJacobsen,F.K.Christensen,C.K.Mogensen,C.E.Heilskov,N.S.C.1980KidneyNot in File319Lancet18163Lancet1Mayersohn1983116The influence of a cooked meat meal on creatinine plasma concentration and creatinine clearanceJournal116The influence of a cooked meat meal on creatinine plasma concentration and creatinine clearanceMayersohn,M.Conrad,K.A.Achari,R.1983/2AdultAnimalsbloodCattleCreatinineHumanMaleMeatMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismurineNot in File227230Br.J.Clin.Pharmacol.152PM:6849756Br.J.Clin.Pharmacol.1[60,61][78, -80]. L’effet est probablement assez variable d’une personne à l’autre. Ceci peut s’expliquer par (i) l’absorption incomplète de la créatinine ingérée au niveau iléal (75 à 80%) ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Dominguez1945939Recovery of creatinine after ingestion and after intravenous injection in manJournal939Recovery of creatinine after ingestion and after intravenous injection in manDominguez,R.Pomerene,E.1945CreatinineNot in File2629Proc.Soc.Exp.Biol Med.58Proc.Soc.Exp.Biol Med.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Dominguez1945939Recovery of creatinine after ingestion and after intravenous injection in manJournal939Recovery of creatinine after ingestion and after intravenous injection in manDominguez,R.Pomerene,E.1945CreatinineNot in File2629Proc.Soc.Exp.Biol Med.58Proc.Soc.Exp.Biol Med.1[62][81], (ii) par le retentissement d’un régime appauvri en créatine sur la masse musculaire et donc le pool de créatinine  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Heymsfield1983458Measurement of muscle mass in humans: validity of the 24-hour urinary creatinine methodJournal458Measurement of muscle mass in humans: validity of the 24-hour urinary creatinine methodHeymsfield,S.B.Arteaga,C.McManus,C.Smith,J.Moffitt,S.1983/3Adultanatomy & histologyAnimalsBody WeightChildComparative StudyCreatineCreatinineDietEvaluation StudiesHumanHumansMathematicsmetabolismMethodsMusclesOrgan WeightSupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.Time FactorsurineNot in File478494Am J Clin Nutr.373PM:6829490Am J Clin Nutr.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Heymsfield1983458Measurement of muscle mass in humans: validity of the 24-hour urinary creatinine methodJournal458Measurement of muscle mass in humans: validity of the 24-hour urinary creatinine methodHeymsfield,S.B.Arteaga,C.McManus,C.Smith,J.Moffitt,S.1983/3Adultanatomy & histologyAnimalsBody WeightChildComparative StudyCreatineCreatinineDietEvaluation StudiesHumanHumansMathematicsmetabolismMethodsMusclesOrgan WeightSupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.Time FactorsurineNot in File478494Am J Clin Nutr.373PM:6829490Am J Clin Nutr.1[47][61], et surtout (iii) par l’augmentation potentielle du DFG après un repas riche en protéines, variation non prise en compte dans les études reprises ci-dessus  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1[20][24]. L’ingestion de créatine pure, utilisée comme complément par certains sportifs, et son effet sur la concentration de créatinine reste peu et mal étudié mais une augmentation de créatinine de 27 µmol/L après prise aigue de 20 grammes créatine a été décrite  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Pline20051119The effect of creatine intake on renal functionJournal1119The effect of creatine intake on renal functionPline,K.A.Smith,C.L.2005/6administration & dosageAdultClinical Trials as TopicCreatineCreatinineDietary Supplementsdrug effectsExerciseHumansKidneyKidney Function TestspharmacokineticspharmacologyphysiologytoxicityNot in File10931096Ann.Pharmacother.396College of Pharmacy, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI, USAPM:15886291Ann.Pharmacother.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Pline20051119The effect of creatine intake on renal functionJournal1119The effect of creatine intake on renal functionPline,K.A.Smith,C.L.2005/6administration & dosageAdultClinical Trials as TopicCreatineCreatinineDietary Supplementsdrug effectsExerciseHumansKidneyKidney Function TestspharmacokineticspharmacologyphysiologytoxicityNot in File10931096Ann.Pharmacother.396College of Pharmacy, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI, USAPM:15886291Ann.Pharmacother.1[63][82]. L’effet du régime sur la concentration de créatinine explique que certaines recommandations, notamment américaines, insistent sur le fait de ne pas utiliser la créatinine et, plus encore, les formules basées sur la créatinine chez les sujets végétariens ou, a fortiori, végétaliens  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Levey20051745Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO)Journal1745Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO)Levey,A.S.Eckardt,K.U.Tsukamoto,Y.Levin,A.Coresh,J.Rossert,J.de Zeeuw,D.Hostetter,T.H.Lameire,N.Eknoyan,G.2005/6AlbuminuriaChronic DiseaseclassificationCreatinineDialysisDietDiseaseDisease ProgressionEnglandetiologyFiltrationGlomerular Filtration RateHealthHumansKidneyKidney DiseasesKidney FailureNephrologyPractice GuidelinesProteinuriaResearchRiskRisk FactorsSerumurineNot in File20892100Kidney Int.676Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA. alevey@tufts-nemc.orgPM:15882252Kidney Int.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Levey20051745Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO)Journal1745Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO)Levey,A.S.Eckardt,K.U.Tsukamoto,Y.Levin,A.Coresh,J.Rossert,J.de Zeeuw,D.Hostetter,T.H.Lameire,N.Eknoyan,G.2005/6AlbuminuriaChronic DiseaseclassificationCreatinineDialysisDietDiseaseDisease ProgressionEnglandetiologyFiltrationGlomerular Filtration RateHealthHumansKidneyKidney DiseasesKidney FailureNephrologyPractice GuidelinesProteinuriaResearchRiskRisk FactorsSerumurineNot in File20892100Kidney Int.676Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA. alevey@tufts-nemc.orgPM:15882252Kidney Int.1[64][83].
3.4 La créatinine est-elle secrétée au niveau tubulaire ?
Malheureusement, et c’est la principale limitation physiologique de ce marqueur, la créatinine est secrétée au niveau tubulaire  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1Smith195117The kidney: Structure and function in health and disease.Book, Whole17The kidney: Structure and function in health and disease.Smith,H.W.1951KidneyNot in File11049New YorkOxford University Press Inc2Shannon1935793The renal excretion of creatinine in manJournal793The renal excretion of creatinine in manShannon,J.A.1935/7CreatinineNew YorkphysiologyNot in File403410J Clin Invest144The Department of Physiology, New York University College of Medicine, New York CityPM:16694314J Clin Invest1Miller1938792The renal excretion of endogenous creatinine in man. Comparison with exogenous creatinine and inulinJournal792The renal excretion of endogenous creatinine in man. Comparison with exogenous creatinine and inulinMiller,B.F.Winkler,A.W.1938/1CreatinineInulinNew YorkNot in File3140J Clin Invest171Hospital of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New YorkPM:16694545J Clin Invest1Bauer1982282Clinical appraisal of creatinine clearance as a measurement of glomerular filtration rateJournal282Clinical appraisal of creatinine clearance as a measurement of glomerular filtration rateBauer,J.H.Brooks,C.S.Burch,R.N.1982/11AdultbloodCreatininediagnostic useGlomerular Filtration RateHumanHumansHypertensionInulinKidney DiseasesMaleMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismMiddle AgedPlasmaReference ValuesResearch Support,U.S.Gov't,Non-P.H.S.secretionNot in File337346Am.J.Kidney Dis.23PM:7148824Am.J.Kidney Dis.1Shemesh1985482Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patientsJournal482Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patientsShemesh,O.Golbetz,H.Kriss,J.P.Myers,B.D.1985/11analysisbloodCimetidineComparative StudyCreatinineCross-Sectional StudiesDextransdiagnostic useGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidney DiseasesKidney GlomerulusLongitudinal StudiesMetabolic Clearance RateParticle SizePentetic AcidphysiopathologysecretionSupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.TechnetiumTechnetium Tc 99m PentetateUnited StatesurineNot in File830838Kidney Int.285PM:2418254Kidney Int.1van Acker1992113Creatinine clearance during cimetidine administration for measurement of glomerular filtration rateJournal113Creatinine clearance during cimetidine administration for measurement of glomerular filtration ratevan Acker,B.A.Koomen,G.C.Koopman,M.G.de Waart,D.R.Arisz,L.1992/11/28administration & dosageAdolescentAdultAgedAged,80 and overbloodCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useDose-Response Relationship,Drugdrug effectsEvaluation StudiesFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidney DiseasesKidney TubulesMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismMiddle AgedpharmacokineticspharmacologyphysiopathologyReproducibility of ResultssecretionurineNot in File13261329Lancet3408831Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, NetherlandsPM:1360044Lancet1Bauer1982979Renal function studies in man with advanced renal insufficiencyJournal979Renal function studies in man with advanced renal insufficiencyBauer,J.H.Brooks,C.S.Burch,R.N.1982/7AdultAgedCreatinineFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInulinKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismMiddle AgedphysiopathologysecretionUreaNot in File3035Am J Kidney Dis21PM:7102662Am J Kidney Dis1DeSanto19911073Predicted creatinine clearance to assess glomerular filtration rate in chronic renal disease in humansJournal1073Predicted creatinine clearance to assess glomerular filtration rate in chronic renal disease in humansDeSanto,N.G.Coppola,S.Anastasio,P.Coscarella,G.Capasso,G.Bellini,L.Santangelo,R.Massimo,L.Siciliano,A.1991analysisCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useDiseaseepidemiologyFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanHumansInulinItalyKidney Failure,ChronicMaleMiddle AgedphysiologyPredictive Value of TestssecretionNot in File181185Am J Nephrol.1131st Faculty of Medicine, Universita Federico II, Naples, ItalyPM:1962664Am J Nephrol.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1Smith195117The kidney: Structure and function in health and disease.Book, Whole17The kidney: Structure and function in health and disease.Smith,H.W.1951KidneyNot in File11049New YorkOxford University Press Inc2Shannon1935793The renal excretion of creatinine in manJournal793The renal excretion of creatinine in manShannon,J.A.1935/7CreatinineNew YorkphysiologyNot in File403410J Clin Invest144The Department of Physiology, New York University College of Medicine, New York CityPM:16694314J Clin Invest1Miller1938792The renal excretion of endogenous creatinine in man. Comparison with exogenous creatinine and inulinJournal792The renal excretion of endogenous creatinine in man. Comparison with exogenous creatinine and inulinMiller,B.F.Winkler,A.W.1938/1CreatinineInulinNew YorkNot in File3140J Clin Invest171Hospital of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New YorkPM:16694545J Clin Invest1Bauer1982282Clinical appraisal of creatinine clearance as a measurement of glomerular filtration rateJournal282Clinical appraisal of creatinine clearance as a measurement of glomerular filtration rateBauer,J.H.Brooks,C.S.Burch,R.N.1982/11AdultbloodCreatininediagnostic useGlomerular Filtration RateHumanHumansHypertensionInulinKidney DiseasesMaleMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismMiddle AgedPlasmaReference ValuesResearch Support,U.S.Gov't,Non-P.H.S.secretionNot in File337346Am.J.Kidney Dis.23PM:7148824Am.J.Kidney Dis.1Shemesh1985482Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patientsJournal482Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patientsShemesh,O.Golbetz,H.Kriss,J.P.Myers,B.D.1985/11analysisbloodCimetidineComparative StudyCreatinineCross-Sectional StudiesDextransdiagnostic useGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidney DiseasesKidney GlomerulusLongitudinal StudiesMetabolic Clearance RateParticle SizePentetic AcidphysiopathologysecretionSupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.TechnetiumTechnetium Tc 99m PentetateUnited StatesurineNot in File830838Kidney Int.285PM:2418254Kidney Int.1van Acker1992113Creatinine clearance during cimetidine administration for measurement of glomerular filtration rateJournal113Creatinine clearance during cimetidine administration for measurement of glomerular filtration ratevan Acker,B.A.Koomen,G.C.Koopman,M.G.de Waart,D.R.Arisz,L.1992/11/28administration & dosageAdolescentAdultAgedAged,80 and overbloodCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useDose-Response Relationship,Drugdrug effectsEvaluation StudiesFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidney DiseasesKidney TubulesMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismMiddle AgedpharmacokineticspharmacologyphysiopathologyReproducibility of ResultssecretionurineNot in File13261329Lancet3408831Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, NetherlandsPM:1360044Lancet1Bauer1982979Renal function studies in man with advanced renal insufficiencyJournal979Renal function studies in man with advanced renal insufficiencyBauer,J.H.Brooks,C.S.Burch,R.N.1982/7AdultAgedCreatinineFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInulinKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismMiddle AgedphysiopathologysecretionUreaNot in File3035Am J Kidney Dis21PM:7102662Am J Kidney Dis1Petri1988934Serial assessment of glomerular filtration rate in lupus nephropathyJournal934Serial assessment of glomerular filtration rate in lupus nephropathyPetri,M.Bockenstedt,L.Colman,J.Whiting-O'Keefe,Q.Fitz,G.Sebastian,A.Hellmann,D.1988/12AdultComparative StudyCreatininediagnosisFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInulinLupus NephritismetabolismMiddle AgedTime FactorsNot in File832839Kidney Int.346Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell Arthritis Center, San Francisco, CaliforniaPM:3210545Kidney Int.1DeSanto19911073Predicted creatinine clearance to assess glomerular filtration rate in chronic renal disease in humansJournal1073Predicted creatinine clearance to assess glomerular filtration rate in chronic renal disease in humansDeSanto,N.G.Coppola,S.Anastasio,P.Coscarella,G.Capasso,G.Bellini,L.Santangelo,R.Massimo,L.Siciliano,A.1991analysisCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useDiseaseepidemiologyFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanHumansInulinItalyKidney Failure,ChronicMaleMiddle AgedphysiologyPredictive Value of TestssecretionNot in File181185Am J Nephrol.1131st Faculty of Medicine, Universita Federico II, Naples, ItalyPM:1962664Am J Nephrol.1[4-6,20,21,65-68][4,6,7,24,26,84-88]. Dès le début de son utilisation dans les années 20 et 30, le processus de sécrétion est suspecté car la clairance de créatinine surestime la clairance d’inuline, et ce d’autant plus que le patient présente une insuffisance rénale  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Rehberg1926791Studies on Kidney Function: The Rate of Filtration and Reabsorption in the Human KidneyJournal791Studies on Kidney Function: The Rate of Filtration and Reabsorption in the Human KidneyRehberg,P.B.1926HumanKidneyLaboratoriesNot in File447460Biochem.J203The Laboratory of Zoophysiology, University of CopenhagenPM:16743679Biochem.J1Shannon1935793The renal excretion of creatinine in manJournal793The renal excretion of creatinine in manShannon,J.A.1935/7CreatinineNew YorkphysiologyNot in File403410J Clin Invest144The Department of Physiology, New York University College of Medicine, New York CityPM:16694314J Clin Invest1Miller1938792The renal excretion of endogenous creatinine in man. Comparison with exogenous creatinine and inulinJournal792The renal excretion of endogenous creatinine in man. Comparison with exogenous creatinine and inulinMiller,B.F.Winkler,A.W.1938/1CreatinineInulinNew YorkNot in File3140J Clin Invest171Hospital of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New YorkPM:16694545J Clin Invest1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Rehberg1926791Studies on Kidney Function: The Rate of Filtration and Reabsorption in the Human KidneyJournal791Studies on Kidney Function: The Rate of Filtration and Reabsorption in the Human KidneyRehberg,P.B.1926HumanKidneyLaboratoriesNot in File447460Biochem.J203The Laboratory of Zoophysiology, University of CopenhagenPM:16743679Biochem.J1Shannon1935793The renal excretion of creatinine in manJournal793The renal excretion of creatinine in manShannon,J.A.1935/7CreatinineNew YorkphysiologyNot in File403410J Clin Invest144The Department of Physiology, New York University College of Medicine, New York CityPM:16694314J Clin Invest1Miller1938792The renal excretion of endogenous creatinine in man. Comparison with exogenous creatinine and inulinJournal792The renal excretion of endogenous creatinine in man. Comparison with exogenous creatinine and inulinMiller,B.F.Winkler,A.W.1938/1CreatinineInulinNew YorkNot in File3140J Clin Invest171Hospital of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New YorkPM:16694545J Clin Invest1[3,5,6][3,6,7]. Le ratio clairance de créatinine sur clairance d’inuline varie de 1 à 1,4 (10 à 40% de la créatinine est secrétée au niveau tubulaire) ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Smith195117The kidney: Structure and function in health and disease.Book, Whole17The kidney: Structure and function in health and disease.Smith,H.W.1951KidneyNot in File11049New YorkOxford University Press Inc2Shannon1935793The renal excretion of creatinine in manJournal793The renal excretion of creatinine in manShannon,J.A.1935/7CreatinineNew YorkphysiologyNot in File403410J Clin Invest144The Department of Physiology, New York University College of Medicine, New York CityPM:16694314J Clin Invest1Miller1938792The renal excretion of endogenous creatinine in man. Comparison with exogenous creatinine and inulinJournal792The renal excretion of endogenous creatinine in man. Comparison with exogenous creatinine and inulinMiller,B.F.Winkler,A.W.1938/1CreatinineInulinNew YorkNot in File3140J Clin Invest171Hospital of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New YorkPM:16694545J Clin Invest1Bauer1982282Clinical appraisal of creatinine clearance as a measurement of glomerular filtration rateJournal282Clinical appraisal of creatinine clearance as a measurement of glomerular filtration rateBauer,J.H.Brooks,C.S.Burch,R.N.1982/11AdultbloodCreatininediagnostic useGlomerular Filtration RateHumanHumansHypertensionInulinKidney DiseasesMaleMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismMiddle AgedPlasmaReference ValuesResearch Support,U.S.Gov't,Non-P.H.S.secretionNot in File337346Am.J.Kidney Dis.23PM:7148824Am.J.Kidney Dis.1Shemesh1985482Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patientsJournal482Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patientsShemesh,O.Golbetz,H.Kriss,J.P.Myers,B.D.1985/11analysisbloodCimetidineComparative StudyCreatinineCross-Sectional StudiesDextransdiagnostic useGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidney DiseasesKidney GlomerulusLongitudinal StudiesMetabolic Clearance RateParticle SizePentetic AcidphysiopathologysecretionSupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.TechnetiumTechnetium Tc 99m PentetateUnited StatesurineNot in File830838Kidney Int.285PM:2418254Kidney Int.1DeSanto19911073Predicted creatinine clearance to assess glomerular filtration rate in chronic renal disease in humansJournal1073Predicted creatinine clearance to assess glomerular filtration rate in chronic renal disease in humansDeSanto,N.G.Coppola,S.Anastasio,P.Coscarella,G.Capasso,G.Bellini,L.Santangelo,R.Massimo,L.Siciliano,A.1991analysisCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useDiseaseepidemiologyFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanHumansInulinItalyKidney Failure,ChronicMaleMiddle AgedphysiologyPredictive Value of TestssecretionNot in File181185Am J Nephrol.1131st Faculty of Medicine, Universita Federico II, Naples, ItalyPM:1962664Am J Nephrol.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Smith195117The kidney: Structure and function in health and disease.Book, Whole17The kidney: Structure and function in health and disease.Smith,H.W.1951KidneyNot in File11049New YorkOxford University Press Inc2Shannon1935793The renal excretion of creatinine in manJournal793The renal excretion of creatinine in manShannon,J.A.1935/7CreatinineNew YorkphysiologyNot in File403410J Clin Invest144The Department of Physiology, New York University College of Medicine, New York CityPM:16694314J Clin Invest1Miller1938792The renal excretion of endogenous creatinine in man. Comparison with exogenous creatinine and inulinJournal792The renal excretion of endogenous creatinine in man. Comparison with exogenous creatinine and inulinMiller,B.F.Winkler,A.W.1938/1CreatinineInulinNew YorkNot in File3140J Clin Invest171Hospital of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New YorkPM:16694545J Clin Invest1Bauer1982282Clinical appraisal of creatinine clearance as a measurement of glomerular filtration rateJournal282Clinical appraisal of creatinine clearance as a measurement of glomerular filtration rateBauer,J.H.Brooks,C.S.Burch,R.N.1982/11AdultbloodCreatininediagnostic useGlomerular Filtration RateHumanHumansHypertensionInulinKidney DiseasesMaleMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismMiddle AgedPlasmaReference ValuesResearch Support,U.S.Gov't,Non-P.H.S.secretionNot in File337346Am.J.Kidney Dis.23PM:7148824Am.J.Kidney Dis.1Shemesh1985482Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patientsJournal482Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patientsShemesh,O.Golbetz,H.Kriss,J.P.Myers,B.D.1985/11analysisbloodCimetidineComparative StudyCreatinineCross-Sectional StudiesDextransdiagnostic useGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidney DiseasesKidney GlomerulusLongitudinal StudiesMetabolic Clearance RateParticle SizePentetic AcidphysiopathologysecretionSupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.TechnetiumTechnetium Tc 99m PentetateUnited StatesurineNot in File830838Kidney Int.285PM:2418254Kidney Int.1Petri1988934Serial assessment of glomerular filtration rate in lupus nephropathyJournal934Serial assessment of glomerular filtration rate in lupus nephropathyPetri,M.Bockenstedt,L.Colman,J.Whiting-O'Keefe,Q.Fitz,G.Sebastian,A.Hellmann,D.1988/12AdultComparative StudyCreatininediagnosisFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInulinLupus NephritismetabolismMiddle AgedTime FactorsNot in File832839Kidney Int.346Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell Arthritis Center, San Francisco, CaliforniaPM:3210545Kidney Int.1DeSanto19911073Predicted creatinine clearance to assess glomerular filtration rate in chronic renal disease in humansJournal1073Predicted creatinine clearance to assess glomerular filtration rate in chronic renal disease in humansDeSanto,N.G.Coppola,S.Anastasio,P.Coscarella,G.Capasso,G.Bellini,L.Santangelo,R.Massimo,L.Siciliano,A.1991analysisCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useDiseaseepidemiologyFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanHumansInulinItalyKidney Failure,ChronicMaleMiddle AgedphysiologyPredictive Value of TestssecretionNot in File181185Am J Nephrol.1131st Faculty of Medicine, Universita Federico II, Naples, ItalyPM:1962664Am J Nephrol.1[4-6,21,65,68][4,6,7,26,84,87,88] mais peut dépasser 2 en cas d’insuffisance rénale sévère  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Shannon1935793The renal excretion of creatinine in manJournal793The renal excretion of creatinine in manShannon,J.A.1935/7CreatinineNew YorkphysiologyNot in File403410J Clin Invest144The Department of Physiology, New York University College of Medicine, New York CityPM:16694314J Clin Invest1van Acker1992113Creatinine clearance during cimetidine administration for measurement of glomerular filtration rateJournal113Creatinine clearance during cimetidine administration for measurement of glomerular filtration ratevan Acker,B.A.Koomen,G.C.Koopman,M.G.de Waart,D.R.Arisz,L.1992/11/28administration & dosageAdolescentAdultAgedAged,80 and overbloodCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useDose-Response Relationship,Drugdrug effectsEvaluation StudiesFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidney DiseasesKidney TubulesMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismMiddle AgedpharmacokineticspharmacologyphysiopathologyReproducibility of ResultssecretionurineNot in File13261329Lancet3408831Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, NetherlandsPM:1360044Lancet1Shemesh1985482Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patientsJournal482Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patientsShemesh,O.Golbetz,H.Kriss,J.P.Myers,B.D.1985/11analysisbloodCimetidineComparative StudyCreatinineCross-Sectional StudiesDextransdiagnostic useGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidney DiseasesKidney GlomerulusLongitudinal StudiesMetabolic Clearance RateParticle SizePentetic AcidphysiopathologysecretionSupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.TechnetiumTechnetium Tc 99m PentetateUnited StatesurineNot in File830838Kidney Int.285PM:2418254Kidney Int.1Bauer1982979Renal function studies in man with advanced renal insufficiencyJournal979Renal function studies in man with advanced renal insufficiencyBauer,J.H.Brooks,C.S.Burch,R.N.1982/7AdultAgedCreatinineFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInulinKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismMiddle AgedphysiopathologysecretionUreaNot in File3035Am J Kidney Dis21PM:7102662Am J Kidney Dis1DeSanto19911073Predicted creatinine clearance to assess glomerular filtration rate in chronic renal disease in humansJournal1073Predicted creatinine clearance to assess glomerular filtration rate in chronic renal disease in humansDeSanto,N.G.Coppola,S.Anastasio,P.Coscarella,G.Capasso,G.Bellini,L.Santangelo,R.Massimo,L.Siciliano,A.1991analysisCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useDiseaseepidemiologyFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanHumansInulinItalyKidney Failure,ChronicMaleMiddle AgedphysiologyPredictive Value of TestssecretionNot in File181185Am J Nephrol.1131st Faculty of Medicine, Universita Federico II, Naples, ItalyPM:1962664Am J Nephrol.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Shannon1935793The renal excretion of creatinine in manJournal793The renal excretion of creatinine in manShannon,J.A.1935/7CreatinineNew YorkphysiologyNot in File403410J Clin Invest144The Department of Physiology, New York University College of Medicine, New York CityPM:16694314J Clin Invest1van Acker1992113Creatinine clearance during cimetidine administration for measurement of glomerular filtration rateJournal113Creatinine clearance during cimetidine administration for measurement of glomerular filtration ratevan Acker,B.A.Koomen,G.C.Koopman,M.G.de Waart,D.R.Arisz,L.1992/11/28administration & dosageAdolescentAdultAgedAged,80 and overbloodCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useDose-Response Relationship,Drugdrug effectsEvaluation StudiesFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidney DiseasesKidney TubulesMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismMiddle AgedpharmacokineticspharmacologyphysiopathologyReproducibility of ResultssecretionurineNot in File13261329Lancet3408831Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, NetherlandsPM:1360044Lancet1Shemesh1985482Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patientsJournal482Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patientsShemesh,O.Golbetz,H.Kriss,J.P.Myers,B.D.1985/11analysisbloodCimetidineComparative StudyCreatinineCross-Sectional StudiesDextransdiagnostic useGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidney DiseasesKidney GlomerulusLongitudinal StudiesMetabolic Clearance RateParticle SizePentetic AcidphysiopathologysecretionSupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.TechnetiumTechnetium Tc 99m PentetateUnited StatesurineNot in File830838Kidney Int.285PM:2418254Kidney Int.1Bauer1982979Renal function studies in man with advanced renal insufficiencyJournal979Renal function studies in man with advanced renal insufficiencyBauer,J.H.Brooks,C.S.Burch,R.N.1982/7AdultAgedCreatinineFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInulinKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismMiddle AgedphysiopathologysecretionUreaNot in File3035Am J Kidney Dis21PM:7102662Am J Kidney Dis1DeSanto19911073Predicted creatinine clearance to assess glomerular filtration rate in chronic renal disease in humansJournal1073Predicted creatinine clearance to assess glomerular filtration rate in chronic renal disease in humansDeSanto,N.G.Coppola,S.Anastasio,P.Coscarella,G.Capasso,G.Bellini,L.Santangelo,R.Massimo,L.Siciliano,A.1991analysisCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useDiseaseepidemiologyFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanHumansInulinItalyKidney Failure,ChronicMaleMiddle AgedphysiologyPredictive Value of TestssecretionNot in File181185Am J Nephrol.1131st Faculty of Medicine, Universita Federico II, Naples, ItalyPM:1962664Am J Nephrol.1[5,65-68][6,84-86,88]. Pour certains auteurs, une protéinurie importante (néphrotique par exemple) pourrait aussi s’accompagner d’une augmentation de la sécrétion de créatinine, indépendamment du niveau de fonction glomérulaire  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE BERLYNE1964114Endogenous-creatinine clearance and glomerular-filtration rateJournal114Endogenous-creatinine clearance and glomerular-filtration rateBERLYNE,G.M.VARLEY,H.NILWARANGKUR,S.HOERNI,M.1964/10/24Glomerular Filtration RateNot in File874876Lancet22PM:14197181Lancet1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE BERLYNE1964114Endogenous-creatinine clearance and glomerular-filtration rateJournal114Endogenous-creatinine clearance and glomerular-filtration rateBERLYNE,G.M.VARLEY,H.NILWARANGKUR,S.HOERNI,M.1964/10/24Glomerular Filtration RateNot in File874876Lancet22PM:14197181Lancet1[69][89]. Ceci reste cependant plus discuté  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Hilton1969927Creatinine clearance in patients with proteinuriaJournal927Creatinine clearance in patients with proteinuriaHilton,P.J.Roth,Z.Lavender,S.Jones,N.F.1969/12/6AdultbloodCreatininediagnostic useGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInulinKidney DiseasesProteinuriasecretionurineNot in File12151216Lancet27632PM:4187811Lancet1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Hilton1969927Creatinine clearance in patients with proteinuriaJournal927Creatinine clearance in patients with proteinuriaHilton,P.J.Roth,Z.Lavender,S.Jones,N.F.1969/12/6AdultbloodCreatininediagnostic useGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInulinKidney DiseasesProteinuriasecretionurineNot in File12151216Lancet27632PM:4187811Lancet1[70][90]. Chez le sujet d’origine africaine, la sécrétion tubulaire de créatinine pourrait, comparativement au sujet caucasien, être moins importante  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Coresh19984Creatinine clearance as a measure of GFR in screenees for the African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension pilot studyJournal4Creatinine clearance as a measure of GFR in screenees for the African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension pilot studyCoresh,J.Toto,R.D.Kirk,K.A.Whelton,P.K.Massry,S.Jones,C.Agodoa,L.Van Lente,F.1998/7African Continental Ancestry GroupanalysisCalibrationComparative StudyContrast MediaCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useethnologyFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanHypertension,RenalIodine RadioisotopesIothalamic AcidKidneyKidney DiseasesKidney Function TestsMaleMethodsMiddle AgedPilot ProjectsPredictive Value of TestsSensitivity and SpecificitySupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.urineNot in File3242Am.J.Kidney Dis.321Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA. coresh@jhu.eduPM:9669421Am.J.Kidney Dis.1[47]. L’augmentation plus rapide de la créatinine chez les afro-américains pourrait donc être liée à une sécrétion tubulaire de créatinine moindre (et non pas une diminution plus rapide du DFG) ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Hsu20021101Methodological issues in studying the epidemiology of mild to moderate chronic renal insufficiencyJournal1101Methodological issues in studying the epidemiology of mild to moderate chronic renal insufficiencyHsu,C.Y.Chertow,G.M.Curhan,G.C.2002/5analysisBody SizeBody Surface AreaCreatinineEpidemiologic MethodsepidemiologyGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidney Failure,ChronicNephrologyPrevalenceRenal Replacement TherapyResearchSerumtherapyNot in File15671576Kidney Int.615Division of Nephrology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0532, USA. hsuchi@medicine.ucsf.eduPM:11967006Kidney Int.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Hsu20021101Methodological issues in studying the epidemiology of mild to moderate chronic renal insufficiencyJournal1101Methodological issues in studying the epidemiology of mild to moderate chronic renal insufficiencyHsu,C.Y.Chertow,G.M.Curhan,G.C.2002/5analysisBody SizeBody Surface AreaCreatinineEpidemiologic MethodsepidemiologyGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidney Failure,ChronicNephrologyPrevalenceRenal Replacement TherapyResearchSerumtherapyNot in File15671576Kidney Int.615Division of Nephrology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0532, USA. hsuchi@medicine.ucsf.eduPM:11967006Kidney Int.1[71][91]. Il est important d’insister sur quelques caractéristiques de cette sécrétion tubulaire. Tout d’abord, cette sécrétion est très variable d’un individu à l’autre. De plus, cette sécrétion est tout à fait impossible à prévoir et semble même varier sur le nycthémère  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Walser1998118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureJournal118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureWalser,M.1998/7AdultanalysisCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidney Failure,ChronicKidney Function TestsMalepharmacologyphysiopathologysecretionurineNot in File2331Am.J.Kidney Dis.321Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. mwalser@bs.jhmi.eduPM:9669420Am.J.Kidney Dis.1Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1Bauer1982282Clinical appraisal of creatinine clearance as a measurement of glomerular filtration rateJournal282Clinical appraisal of creatinine clearance as a measurement of glomerular filtration rateBauer,J.H.Brooks,C.S.Burch,R.N.1982/11AdultbloodCreatininediagnostic useGlomerular Filtration RateHumanHumansHypertensionInulinKidney DiseasesMaleMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismMiddle AgedPlasmaReference ValuesResearch Support,U.S.Gov't,Non-P.H.S.secretionNot in File337346Am.J.Kidney Dis.23PM:7148824Am.J.Kidney Dis.1van Acker19921076Discrepancy between circadian rhythms of inulin and creatinine clearanceJournal1076Discrepancy between circadian rhythms of inulin and creatinine clearancevan Acker,B.A.Koomen,G.C.Koopman,M.G.Krediet,R.T.Arisz,L.1992/9AdultAgedCimetidineCircadian RhythmCreatininedrug effectsFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInulinKidney TubulesMaleMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismMiddle AgedNephrotic SyndromeNetherlandspharmacokineticspharmacologyphysiologyPlasmaResearchsecretionSyndromeNot in File400410J Lab Clin Med.1203Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsPM:1517687J Lab Clin Med.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Walser1998118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureJournal118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureWalser,M.1998/7AdultanalysisCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidney Failure,ChronicKidney Function TestsMalepharmacologyphysiopathologysecretionurineNot in File2331Am.J.Kidney Dis.321Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. mwalser@bs.jhmi.eduPM:9669420Am.J.Kidney Dis.1Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1Petri1988934Serial assessment of glomerular filtration rate in lupus nephropathyJournal934Serial assessment of glomerular filtration rate in lupus nephropathyPetri,M.Bockenstedt,L.Colman,J.Whiting-O'Keefe,Q.Fitz,G.Sebastian,A.Hellmann,D.1988/12AdultComparative StudyCreatininediagnosisFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInulinLupus NephritismetabolismMiddle AgedTime FactorsNot in File832839Kidney Int.346Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell Arthritis Center, San Francisco, CaliforniaPM:3210545Kidney Int.1Bauer1982282Clinical appraisal of creatinine clearance as a measurement of glomerular filtration rateJournal282Clinical appraisal of creatinine clearance as a measurement of glomerular filtration rateBauer,J.H.Brooks,C.S.Burch,R.N.1982/11AdultbloodCreatininediagnostic useGlomerular Filtration RateHumanHumansHypertensionInulinKidney DiseasesMaleMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismMiddle AgedPlasmaReference ValuesResearch Support,U.S.Gov't,Non-P.H.S.secretionNot in File337346Am.J.Kidney Dis.23PM:7148824Am.J.Kidney Dis.1van Acker19921076Discrepancy between circadian rhythms of inulin and creatinine clearanceJournal1076Discrepancy between circadian rhythms of inulin and creatinine clearancevan Acker,B.A.Koomen,G.C.Koopman,M.G.Krediet,R.T.Arisz,L.1992/9AdultAgedCimetidineCircadian RhythmCreatininedrug effectsFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInulinKidney TubulesMaleMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismMiddle AgedNephrotic SyndromeNetherlandspharmacokineticspharmacologyphysiologyPlasmaResearchsecretionSyndromeNot in File400410J Lab Clin Med.1203Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsPM:1517687J Lab Clin Med.1[20,21,50,72][24,26,66,87,92]. La sécrétion tubulaire de créatinine peut aussi être bloquée par la prise de certains médicaments qui induiront donc une augmentation de la concentration sérique de créatinine sans que le DFG ne soit modifié (voir ci-dessous).
3.5 La créatinine est-elle réabsorbée au niveau tubulaire ?
A l’inverse, un ratio clairance de créatinine sur clairance d’inuline inférieur à 1 chez des patients avec une insuffisance rénale sévère a fait suspecter une réabsorption tubulaire  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Smith195117The kidney: Structure and function in health and disease.Book, Whole17The kidney: Structure and function in health and disease.Smith,H.W.1951KidneyNot in File11049New YorkOxford University Press Inc2MCCANCE1939798Functional disorganization of the kidney in diseaseJournal798Functional disorganization of the kidney in diseaseMCCANCE,R.A.Widdowson,E.M.1939/2/14KidneyNot in File3644J Physiol951PM:16995078J Physiol1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Smith195117The kidney: Structure and function in health and disease.Book, Whole17The kidney: Structure and function in health and disease.Smith,H.W.1951KidneyNot in File11049New YorkOxford University Press Inc2MCCANCE1939798Functional disorganization of the kidney in diseaseJournal798Functional disorganization of the kidney in diseaseMCCANCE,R.A.Widdowson,E.M.1939/2/14KidneyNot in File3644J Physiol951PM:16995078J Physiol1[4,73][4,93]. Il est vrai que cette réabsorption est beaucoup moins importante et ne survient que tardivement dans l’évolution de l’insuffisance rénale et chez des patients dont le débit urinaire est déjà très altéré  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1Chesley1938799Renal excretion at low urine volumes and the mechanism of oliguriaJournal799Renal excretion at low urine volumes and the mechanism of oliguriaChesley,L.C.1938/9BiochemistryurineNot in File591597J Clin Invest175Department of Biochemistry, Margaret Hague Maternity Hospital, Jersey CityPM:16694603J Clin Invest1[20][24,94]. Cette réabsorption semble tout à fait passive (diminution du débit urinaire, accumulation de liquide et de créatinine dans les tubules rénaux et absorption passive) ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Levinsky1959855Changes in composition of the urine in ureter and bladder at low urine flowJournal855Changes in composition of the urine in ureter and bladder at low urine flowLevinsky,N.G.BERLINER,R.W.1959/3urineNot in File549553Am J Physiol1963PM:13627221Am J Physiol1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Levinsky1959855Changes in composition of the urine in ureter and bladder at low urine flowJournal855Changes in composition of the urine in ureter and bladder at low urine flowLevinsky,N.G.BERLINER,R.W.1959/3urineNot in File549553Am J Physiol1963PM:13627221Am J Physiol1[74][95]. Son influence sur la clairance de créatinine se limite aux valeurs basses de clairance et ne dépasse pas les 5-10%  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Miller1952796Validity of the endogenous creatinine clearance as a measure of glomerular filtration rate in the diseased human kidneyJournal796Validity of the endogenous creatinine clearance as a measure of glomerular filtration rate in the diseased human kidneyMiller,B.F.LEAF,A.MAMBY,A.R.MILLER,Z.1952/3CreatinineGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney Function TestsNot in File309313J Clin Invest313PM:14917745J Clin Invest1MCCANCE1939798Functional disorganization of the kidney in diseaseJournal798Functional disorganization of the kidney in diseaseMCCANCE,R.A.Widdowson,E.M.1939/2/14KidneyNot in File3644J Physiol951PM:16995078J Physiol1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Miller1952796Validity of the endogenous creatinine clearance as a measure of glomerular filtration rate in the diseased human kidneyJournal796Validity of the endogenous creatinine clearance as a measure of glomerular filtration rate in the diseased human kidneyMiller,B.F.LEAF,A.MAMBY,A.R.MILLER,Z.1952/3CreatinineGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney Function TestsNot in File309313J Clin Invest313PM:14917745J Clin Invest1BALDWIN1950797Diurnal variations of renal function in congestive heart failureJournal797Diurnal variations of renal function in congestive heart failureBALDWIN,D.S.SIROTA,J.H.VILLARREAL,H.1950/7HeartHeart FailureKidneyNot in File578581Proc.Soc.Exp.Biol.Med.743PM:15440893Proc.Soc.Exp.Biol.Med.1MCCANCE1939798Functional disorganization of the kidney in diseaseJournal798Functional disorganization of the kidney in diseaseMCCANCE,R.A.Widdowson,E.M.1939/2/14KidneyNot in File3644J Physiol951PM:16995078J Physiol1[73,75][93,96,97].
3.6 L’excrétion de créatinine est-elle exclusivement rénale ?
L’utilisation de la clairance de créatinine comme indicateur de la fonction glomérulaire repose donc sur le fait que la production constante de créatinine est égale à son excrétion urinaire  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1[20][24]. De fait, chez le patient sain ou en insuffisance rénale modérée, il n’existe probablement pas d’excrétion extra-rénale de créatinine (ou si elle existe, au niveau des selles et de la sueur par exemple,alors elle est tout à fait négligeable par rapport à l’excrétion urinaire  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Crim1975836Creatine metabolism in men: urinary creatine and creatinine excretions with creatine feedingJournal836Creatine metabolism in men: urinary creatine and creatinine excretions with creatine feedingCrim,M.C.Calloway,D.H.Margen,S.1975/4administration & dosageAdultAmino AcidsanalysisBody WeightCreatineCreatinineDeficiency DiseasesDose-Response Relationship,DrugEnergy MetabolismFecesHumansMalemetabolismNitrogenNutritional Physiological PhenomenapharmacologyPhosphorusPhysical ExertionPotassiumurineNot in File428438J Nutr.1054PM:1113209J Nutr.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Crim1975836Creatine metabolism in men: urinary creatine and creatinine excretions with creatine feedingJournal836Creatine metabolism in men: urinary creatine and creatinine excretions with creatine feedingCrim,M.C.Calloway,D.H.Margen,S.1975/4administration & dosageAdultAmino AcidsanalysisBody WeightCreatineCreatinineDeficiency DiseasesDose-Response Relationship,DrugEnergy MetabolismFecesHumansMalemetabolismNitrogenNutritional Physiological PhenomenapharmacologyPhosphorusPhysical ExertionPotassiumurineNot in File428438J Nutr.1054PM:1113209J Nutr.1[76][98]). Par contre, chez le patient insuffisant rénal sévère, il semble que l’excrétion rénale de créatinine ne représente plus son élimination rénale exclusivement  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Mitch19781055A proposed mechanism for reduced creatinine excretion in severe chronic renal failureJournal1055A proposed mechanism for reduced creatinine excretion in severe chronic renal failureMitch,W.E.Walser,M.1978AdultAgedBody WaterBody WeightCreatinineFemaleHumansKidneyKidney Failure,ChronicMalemetabolismMiddle AgedResearchSerumurineWaterNot in File248254Nephron215PM:714198Nephron1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Mitch1977848Effects of oral neomycin and kanamycin in chronic uremic patients: I. Urea metabolismJournal848Effects of oral neomycin and kanamycin in chronic uremic patients: I. Urea metabolismMitch,W.E.Lietman,P.S.Walser,M.1977/2administration & dosageAdministration,OralAmmoniaanalysisbloodBody FluidsFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKanamycinKidneyKidney Failure,ChronicKineticsLiverMalemetabolismNeomycinpharmacologyUreaUremiaurineNot in File116122Kidney Int.112PM:846062Kidney Int.1Mitch19781055A proposed mechanism for reduced creatinine excretion in severe chronic renal failureJournal1055A proposed mechanism for reduced creatinine excretion in severe chronic renal failureMitch,W.E.Walser,M.1978AdultAgedBody WaterBody WeightCreatinineFemaleHumansKidneyKidney Failure,ChronicMalemetabolismMiddle AgedResearchSerumurineWaterNot in File248254Nephron215PM:714198Nephron1[77][99,100]. Mitch décrit une diminution de l’excrétion de près de 66%  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Mitch19781055A proposed mechanism for reduced creatinine excretion in severe chronic renal failureJournal1055A proposed mechanism for reduced creatinine excretion in severe chronic renal failureMitch,W.E.Walser,M.1978AdultAgedBody WaterBody WeightCreatinineFemaleHumansKidneyKidney Failure,ChronicMalemetabolismMiddle AgedResearchSerumurineWaterNot in File248254Nephron215PM:714198Nephron1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Mitch19781055A proposed mechanism for reduced creatinine excretion in severe chronic renal failureJournal1055A proposed mechanism for reduced creatinine excretion in severe chronic renal failureMitch,W.E.Walser,M.1978AdultAgedBody WaterBody WeightCreatinineFemaleHumansKidneyKidney Failure,ChronicMalemetabolismMiddle AgedResearchSerumurineWaterNot in File248254Nephron215PM:714198Nephron1[77][100], indépendamment d’une éventuelle diminution de la masse musculaire et donc d’une diminution de la production de créatinine  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Mitch1980117Creatinine metabolism in chronic renal failureJournal117Creatinine metabolism in chronic renal failureMitch,W.E.Collier,V.U.Walser,M.1980/4AdultAgedbloodCreatineCreatinineFemaleHumanKidney Failure,ChronicMalemetabolismMiddle AgedSupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.urineNot in File327335Clin.Sci.(Lond)584PM:7379458Clin.Sci.(Lond)1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Mitch1980117Creatinine metabolism in chronic renal failureJournal117Creatinine metabolism in chronic renal failureMitch,W.E.Collier,V.U.Walser,M.1980/4AdultAgedbloodCreatineCreatinineFemaleHumanKidney Failure,ChronicMalemetabolismMiddle AgedSupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.urineNot in File327335Clin.Sci.(Lond)584PM:7379458Clin.Sci.(Lond)1[78][101]. La concentration sérique de créatinine chez ces patients en insuffisance rénale terminale est donc moins haute que celle attendue sur base de leur masse musculaire  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Mitch19781055A proposed mechanism for reduced creatinine excretion in severe chronic renal failureJournal1055A proposed mechanism for reduced creatinine excretion in severe chronic renal failureMitch,W.E.Walser,M.1978AdultAgedBody WaterBody WeightCreatinineFemaleHumansKidneyKidney Failure,ChronicMalemetabolismMiddle AgedResearchSerumurineWaterNot in File248254Nephron215PM:714198Nephron1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Mitch19781055A proposed mechanism for reduced creatinine excretion in severe chronic renal failureJournal1055A proposed mechanism for reduced creatinine excretion in severe chronic renal failureMitch,W.E.Walser,M.1978AdultAgedBody WaterBody WeightCreatinineFemaleHumansKidneyKidney Failure,ChronicMalemetabolismMiddle AgedResearchSerumurineWaterNot in File248254Nephron215PM:714198Nephron1[77][100]. Différents auteurs ont suggéré que certaines bactéries du tube digestif pourraient, en présence d’une concentration plus élevée de créatinine, induire l’activité d’une créatininase et dégrader ainsi une partie de la créatinine. Ceci reste cependant hypothétique  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Jones1972847Implication of creatinine and gut flora in the uremic syndrome: induction of "creatininase" in colon contents of the rat by dietary creatinineJournal847Implication of creatinine and gut flora in the uremic syndrome: induction of "creatininase" in colon contents of the rat by dietary creatinineJones,J.D.Burnett,P.C.1972/3AnimalsbiosynthesisCarbon IsotopesChromatography,Ion ExchangeColonCreatinineDietdrug effectsenzymologyGuanidinesHepatic EncephalopathyMalemetabolismMethylaminesMethylationmicrobiologypharmacologyRatsSarcosineSyndromeUreaUremiaUreohydrolasesurineNot in File280284Clin Chem183PM:5020825Clin Chem1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Jones1972847Implication of creatinine and gut flora in the uremic syndrome: induction of "creatininase" in colon contents of the rat by dietary creatinineJournal847Implication of creatinine and gut flora in the uremic syndrome: induction of "creatininase" in colon contents of the rat by dietary creatinineJones,J.D.Burnett,P.C.1972/3AnimalsbiosynthesisCarbon IsotopesChromatography,Ion ExchangeColonCreatinineDietdrug effectsenzymologyGuanidinesHepatic EncephalopathyMalemetabolismMethylaminesMethylationmicrobiologypharmacologyRatsSarcosineSyndromeUreaUremiaUreohydrolasesurineNot in File280284Clin Chem183PM:5020825Clin Chem1[79][102].
3.7 Sensibilité de la créatinine et relation créatinine-DFG
L’interprétation de la créatinine comme marqueur de DFG est rendue délicate car sa concentration dépend du DFG mais également de la masse musculaire du patient et donc du sexe, du poids, de l’ethnie et de l’âge. L’établissement des valeurs de référence devrait dépendre de toutes ces variables mais pour des raisons de facilité seule la différence entre les sexes est, le plus souvent, prise en compte chez les adultes  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Ceriotti2008634Reference intervals for serum creatinine concentrations: assessment of available data for global applicationJournal634Reference intervals for serum creatinine concentrations: assessment of available data for global applicationCeriotti,F.Boyd,J.C.Klein,G.Henny,J.Queralto,J.Kairisto,V.Panteghini,M.2008/3AdultbloodChildCreatinineGlomerular Filtration RateHumansIndicator Dilution TechniquesItalyLaboratoriesMass SpectrometryMethodsReference StandardsReference ValuesSerumstandardsNot in File559566Clin Chem.543Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele S.p.A. Milano, Italy. ceriotti.ferruccio@hsr.itPM:18202155Clin Chem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Ceriotti2008634Reference intervals for serum creatinine concentrations: assessment of available data for global applicationJournal634Reference intervals for serum creatinine concentrations: assessment of available data for global applicationCeriotti,F.Boyd,J.C.Klein,G.Henny,J.Queralto,J.Kairisto,V.Panteghini,M.2008/3AdultbloodChildCreatinineGlomerular Filtration RateHumansIndicator Dilution TechniquesItalyLaboratoriesMass SpectrometryMethodsReference StandardsReference ValuesSerumstandardsNot in File559566Clin Chem.543Diagnostica e Ricerca San Raffaele S.p.A. Milano, Italy. ceriotti.ferruccio@hsr.itPM:18202155Clin Chem.1DOOLAN1962786A clinical appraisal of the plasma concentration and endogenous clearance of creatinineJournal786A clinical appraisal of the plasma concentration and endogenous clearance of creatinineDOOLAN,P.D.ALPEN,E.L.THEIL,G.B.1962/1CreatineCreatinineKidney Function TestsmetabolismPlasmaNot in File6579Am J Med.32PM:13887292Am J Med.1[30][21,38].
Le dosage de créatinine manque cependant clairement de sensibilité et une augmentation des concentrations de créatinine au dessus des valeurs de référence signifie souvent pour le patient une perte de plus de 50% de son DFG  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Rehberg1926791Studies on Kidney Function: The Rate of Filtration and Reabsorption in the Human KidneyJournal791Studies on Kidney Function: The Rate of Filtration and Reabsorption in the Human KidneyRehberg,P.B.1926HumanKidneyLaboratoriesNot in File447460Biochem.J203The Laboratory of Zoophysiology, University of CopenhagenPM:16743679Biochem.J1Couchoud1999207Screening early renal failure: cut-off values for serum creatinine as an indicator of renal impairmentJournal207Screening early renal failure: cut-off values for serum creatinine as an indicator of renal impairmentCouchoud,C.Pozet,N.Labeeuw,M.Pouteil-Noble,C.1999/5AdultArea Under CurvebloodCreatininediagnosisFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidney FailureLaboratoriesMaleMass ScreeningMethodsMiddle AgedPredictive Value of TestsReference ValuesSensitivity and SpecificitystandardsNot in File18781884Kidney Int.555Nephrology-Dialysis-Transplantation Unit, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Pierre-Benite, FrancePM:10231450Kidney Int.1Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1Walser1998118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureJournal118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureWalser,M.1998/7AdultanalysisCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidney Failure,ChronicKidney Function TestsMalepharmacologyphysiopathologysecretionurineNot in File2331Am.J.Kidney Dis.321Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. mwalser@bs.jhmi.eduPM:9669420Am.J.Kidney Dis.1Brochner-Mortensen19771040Assessment of renal function from plasma creatinine in adult patientsJournal1040Assessment of renal function from plasma creatinine in adult patientsBrochner-Mortensen,J.Jensen,S.Rodbro,P.1977AdultAge FactorsAgedbloodCreatininediagnosisEvaluation Studies as TopicFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidneyKidney DiseasesKidney Function TestsMaleMethodsMiddle AgedphysiopathologyPlasmaProbabilitySex FactorsNot in File263270Scand.J Urol.Nephrol.113PM:594673Scand.J Urol.Nephrol.1Shemesh1985482Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patientsJournal482Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patientsShemesh,O.Golbetz,H.Kriss,J.P.Myers,B.D.1985/11analysisbloodCimetidineComparative StudyCreatinineCross-Sectional StudiesDextransdiagnostic useGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidney DiseasesKidney GlomerulusLongitudinal StudiesMetabolic Clearance RateParticle SizePentetic AcidphysiopathologysecretionSupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.TechnetiumTechnetium Tc 99m PentetateUnited StatesurineNot in File830838Kidney Int.285PM:2418254Kidney Int.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Rehberg1926791Studies on Kidney Function: The Rate of Filtration and Reabsorption in the Human KidneyJournal791Studies on Kidney Function: The Rate of Filtration and Reabsorption in the Human KidneyRehberg,P.B.1926HumanKidneyLaboratoriesNot in File447460Biochem.J203The Laboratory of Zoophysiology, University of CopenhagenPM:16743679Biochem.J1Couchoud1999207Screening early renal failure: cut-off values for serum creatinine as an indicator of renal impairmentJournal207Screening early renal failure: cut-off values for serum creatinine as an indicator of renal impairmentCouchoud,C.Pozet,N.Labeeuw,M.Pouteil-Noble,C.1999/5AdultArea Under CurvebloodCreatininediagnosisFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidney FailureLaboratoriesMaleMass ScreeningMethodsMiddle AgedPredictive Value of TestsReference ValuesSensitivity and SpecificitystandardsNot in File18781884Kidney Int.555Nephrology-Dialysis-Transplantation Unit, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Pierre-Benite, FrancePM:10231450Kidney Int.1Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1Walser1998118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureJournal118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureWalser,M.1998/7AdultanalysisCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidney Failure,ChronicKidney Function TestsMalepharmacologyphysiopathologysecretionurineNot in File2331Am.J.Kidney Dis.321Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. mwalser@bs.jhmi.eduPM:9669420Am.J.Kidney Dis.1Brochner-Mortensen19771040Assessment of renal function from plasma creatinine in adult patientsJournal1040Assessment of renal function from plasma creatinine in adult patientsBrochner-Mortensen,J.Jensen,S.Rodbro,P.1977AdultAge FactorsAgedbloodCreatininediagnosisEvaluation Studies as TopicFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidneyKidney DiseasesKidney Function TestsMaleMethodsMiddle AgedphysiopathologyPlasmaProbabilitySex FactorsNot in File263270Scand.J Urol.Nephrol.113PM:594673Scand.J Urol.Nephrol.1Shemesh1985482Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patientsJournal482Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patientsShemesh,O.Golbetz,H.Kriss,J.P.Myers,B.D.1985/11analysisbloodCimetidineComparative StudyCreatinineCross-Sectional StudiesDextransdiagnostic useGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidney DiseasesKidney GlomerulusLongitudinal StudiesMetabolic Clearance RateParticle SizePentetic AcidphysiopathologysecretionSupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.TechnetiumTechnetium Tc 99m PentetateUnited StatesurineNot in File830838Kidney Int.285PM:2418254Kidney Int.1[3,20,50,65,80,81][3,24,66,84,103,104]. Par exemple, pour Brochner-Mortensen, 60% de ses patients avec une insuffisance rénale modérée (définie comme un DFG à 50-70% de la normale dans cette étude) ont une valeur de créatinine dans les normes de leur laboratoire  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Brochner-Mortensen19771040Assessment of renal function from plasma creatinine in adult patientsJournal1040Assessment of renal function from plasma creatinine in adult patientsBrochner-Mortensen,J.Jensen,S.Rodbro,P.1977AdultAge FactorsAgedbloodCreatininediagnosisEvaluation Studies as TopicFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidneyKidney DiseasesKidney Function TestsMaleMethodsMiddle AgedphysiopathologyPlasmaProbabilitySex FactorsNot in File263270Scand.J Urol.Nephrol.113PM:594673Scand.J Urol.Nephrol.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Brochner-Mortensen19771040Assessment of renal function from plasma creatinine in adult patientsJournal1040Assessment of renal function from plasma creatinine in adult patientsBrochner-Mortensen,J.Jensen,S.Rodbro,P.1977AdultAge FactorsAgedbloodCreatininediagnosisEvaluation Studies as TopicFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidneyKidney DiseasesKidney Function TestsMaleMethodsMiddle AgedphysiopathologyPlasmaProbabilitySex FactorsNot in File263270Scand.J Urol.Nephrol.113PM:594673Scand.J Urol.Nephrol.1[81][104]. Shemesh montre que, chez 26 patients avec une insuffisance rénale (DFG moyen à 49±6 ml/min) et qui présentent une amélioration de leur DFG (clairance d’inuline augmentée sur 3 à 12 mois de 33%), la créatinine sérique ne diminuera que de 13% (chez 14 patients sur 26 la créatinine ne bouge pas) ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Shemesh1985482Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patientsJournal482Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patientsShemesh,O.Golbetz,H.Kriss,J.P.Myers,B.D.1985/11analysisbloodCimetidineComparative StudyCreatinineCross-Sectional StudiesDextransdiagnostic useGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidney DiseasesKidney GlomerulusLongitudinal StudiesMetabolic Clearance RateParticle SizePentetic AcidphysiopathologysecretionSupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.TechnetiumTechnetium Tc 99m PentetateUnited StatesurineNot in File830838Kidney Int.285PM:2418254Kidney Int.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Shemesh1985482Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patientsJournal482Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patientsShemesh,O.Golbetz,H.Kriss,J.P.Myers,B.D.1985/11analysisbloodCimetidineComparative StudyCreatinineCross-Sectional StudiesDextransdiagnostic useGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidney DiseasesKidney GlomerulusLongitudinal StudiesMetabolic Clearance RateParticle SizePentetic AcidphysiopathologysecretionSupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.TechnetiumTechnetium Tc 99m PentetateUnited StatesurineNot in File830838Kidney Int.285PM:2418254Kidney Int.1[65][84]. Ce manque de sensibilité sera d’autant plus important que la masse musculaire sera diminuée. Papadakis montre que 57% des patients cirrhotiques décompensés conservent une concentration de créatinine dans les normes alors que leur DFG mesuré par inuline est de 32 ml/min en moyenne  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Papadakis198780Unpredictability of clinical evaluation of renal function in cirrhosis. Prospective studyJournal80Unpredictability of clinical evaluation of renal function in cirrhosis. Prospective studyPapadakis,M.A.Arieff,A.I.1987/5AdultAgedbloodBlood Urea NitrogenCreatinineGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidneyKidney Function TestsLiverLiver Cirrhosis,AlcoholicMaleMiddle AgedphysiopathologyProspective StudiesSupport,Non-U.S.Gov'tSupport,U.S.Gov't,Non-P.H.S.UreaNot in File945952Am.J.Med.825PM:3578363Am.J.Med.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Papadakis198780Unpredictability of clinical evaluation of renal function in cirrhosis. Prospective studyJournal80Unpredictability of clinical evaluation of renal function in cirrhosis. Prospective studyPapadakis,M.A.Arieff,A.I.1987/5AdultAgedbloodBlood Urea NitrogenCreatinineGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidneyKidney Function TestsLiverLiver Cirrhosis,AlcoholicMaleMiddle AgedphysiopathologyProspective StudiesSupport,Non-U.S.Gov'tSupport,U.S.Gov't,Non-P.H.S.UreaNot in File945952Am.J.Med.825PM:3578363Am.J.Med.1[59][75]. De la même façon, sur une petite série de 25 patients lupiques traités par corticoïdes, la créatinine ne dépasse le seuil de 88 µmol/L que lorsque la clairance d’inuline diminue sous les 50 ml/min  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Petri1988934Serial assessment of glomerular filtration rate in lupus nephropathyJournal934Serial assessment of glomerular filtration rate in lupus nephropathyPetri,M.Bockenstedt,L.Colman,J.Whiting-O'Keefe,Q.Fitz,G.Sebastian,A.Hellmann,D.1988/12AdultComparative StudyCreatininediagnosisFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInulinLupus NephritismetabolismMiddle AgedTime FactorsNot in File832839Kidney Int.346Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell Arthritis Center, San Francisco, CaliforniaPM:3210545Kidney Int.1[87].
Enfin, il nous parait essentiel d’insister sur le point suivant : la relation DFG-créatinine est exponentielle (Figure 1) ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Morgan1978763The assessment of glomerular function: creatinine clearance or plasma creatinine?Journal763The assessment of glomerular function: creatinine clearance or plasma creatinine?Morgan,D.B.Dillon,S.Payne,R.B.1978/5AdultAge FactorsbloodComparative StudyCreatininediagnostic useHumansKidney DiseasesKidney Function TestsKidney GlomerulusMalemetabolismphysiopathologyPlasmaReference ValuesSex FactorsNot in File302310Postgrad.Med.J54631PM:673986Postgrad.Med.J1Bauer1982282Clinical appraisal of creatinine clearance as a measurement of glomerular filtration rateJournal282Clinical appraisal of creatinine clearance as a measurement of glomerular filtration rateBauer,J.H.Brooks,C.S.Burch,R.N.1982/11AdultbloodCreatininediagnostic useGlomerular Filtration RateHumanHumansHypertensionInulinKidney DiseasesMaleMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismMiddle AgedPlasmaReference ValuesResearch Support,U.S.Gov't,Non-P.H.S.secretionNot in File337346Am.J.Kidney Dis.23PM:7148824Am.J.Kidney Dis.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Morgan1978763The assessment of glomerular function: creatinine clearance or plasma creatinine?Journal763The assessment of glomerular function: creatinine clearance or plasma creatinine?Morgan,D.B.Dillon,S.Payne,R.B.1978/5AdultAge FactorsbloodComparative StudyCreatininediagnostic useHumansKidney DiseasesKidney Function TestsKidney GlomerulusMalemetabolismphysiopathologyPlasmaReference ValuesSex FactorsNot in File302310Postgrad.Med.J54631PM:673986Postgrad.Med.J1Bauer1982282Clinical appraisal of creatinine clearance as a measurement of glomerular filtration rateJournal282Clinical appraisal of creatinine clearance as a measurement of glomerular filtration rateBauer,J.H.Brooks,C.S.Burch,R.N.1982/11AdultbloodCreatininediagnostic useGlomerular Filtration RateHumanHumansHypertensionInulinKidney DiseasesMaleMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismMiddle AgedPlasmaReference ValuesResearch Support,U.S.Gov't,Non-P.H.S.secretionNot in File337346Am.J.Kidney Dis.23PM:7148824Am.J.Kidney Dis.1Kassirer19711145Clinical evaluation of kidney function--glomerular functionJournal1145Clinical evaluation of kidney function--glomerular functionKassirer,J.P.1971/8/12bloodBlood Urea NitrogenCreatininediagnosisDietary ProteinsDiuresisFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidneyKidney DiseasesKidney GlomerulusKidney TubulesMalemetabolismMusclesNitrogenphysiologyProteinsRadioisotopesUreaNot in File385389N.Engl.J Med.2857PM:4933769N.Engl.J Med.1[21,82][26,105,106]. Ceci est fondamental pour une bonne interprétation de la créatinine (surtout en suivi longitudinal). En effet, cette relation implique que, dans les valeurs basses de créatinine sérique, une petite variation de celle-ci aura une grande répercussion en terme de DFG, alors que, dans les valeurs hautes de créatinine, la même variation n’aura que très peu de conséquences en terme de DFG. Ainsi, une augmentation de créatinine de 50 à 100 µmol/L représente une perte de 50% de fonction, équivalente à un passage de 400 à 800 µmol/L pour un insuffisant rénal. Cette relation exponentielle aura des conséquences pratiques importantes dans la précision et l’interprétation des formules d’estimation du DFG basées sur la créatinine  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Delanaye2008631Formula-based estimates of the GFR: equations variable and uncertainJournal631Formula-based estimates of the GFR: equations variable and uncertainDelanaye,P.Cohen,E.P.2008BelgiumCreatinineDietepidemiologyGlomerular Filtration RateKidneyLaboratoriesPrevalenceNot in Filec48c53Nephron Clin Pract.1101Department of Nephrology-Dialysis, University of Liege, CHU Sart Tilman, Liege, Belgium. pierre_delanaye@yahoo.frPM:18708727Nephron Clin Pract.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Delanaye2008631Formula-based estimates of the GFR: equations variable and uncertainJournal631Formula-based estimates of the GFR: equations variable and uncertainDelanaye,P.Cohen,E.P.2008BelgiumCreatinineDietepidemiologyGlomerular Filtration RateKidneyLaboratoriesPrevalenceNot in Filec48c53Nephron Clin Pract.1101Department of Nephrology-Dialysis, University of Liege, CHU Sart Tilman, Liege, Belgium. pierre_delanaye@yahoo.frPM:18708727Nephron Clin Pract.1[46][60].
3.8 Créatinine sérique, insuffisance rénale aiguë et état d’équilibre
En cas de diminution brutale du DFG, c’est-à-dire en cas d’insuffisance rénale aiguë, la créatinine sérique présente une autre limitationlimite, en plus de celles déjà abordées. En effet, la production de créatinine étant relativement constante chez un individu et la distribution corporelle de la créatinine étant large car (elle correspond au volume de distribution de l’eau corporelle), il faudra attendre un nouvel état d’équilibre. La créatinine va donc augmenter progressivement jusqu’à un palier (qui dépendra de la production journalière musculaire) sur 2-3 jours  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Kassirer19711145Clinical evaluation of kidney function--glomerular functionJournal1145Clinical evaluation of kidney function--glomerular functionKassirer,J.P.1971/8/12bloodBlood Urea NitrogenCreatininediagnosisDietary ProteinsDiuresisFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidneyKidney DiseasesKidney GlomerulusKidney TubulesMalemetabolismMusclesNitrogenphysiologyProteinsRadioisotopesUreaNot in File385389N.Engl.J Med.2857PM:4933769N.Engl.J Med.1[106]. Waikar et Bonventre ont récemment étudié la cinétique de la créatinine en cas d’insuffisance rénale aiguë. Ils ont démontré que l’augmentation relative de la créatinine était très différente selon la concentration de créatinine initiale. Ainsi, 24 heures après une diminution de 90% de la clairance de créatinine, la créatinine plasmatique augmente de 246% chez des sujets sains, de 174% pour des sujets avec un DFG de départ entre 60 et 90 ml/min, de 92% pour des sujets avec un DFG de départ entre 30 et 60 ml/min, et de seulement 47% pour des sujets avec un DFG de départ sous 30 ml/min  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Waikar20091139Creatinine kinetics and the definition of acute kidney injuryJournal1139Creatinine kinetics and the definition of acute kidney injuryWaikar,S.S.Bonventre,J.V.2009/3classificationCreatinineDialysisDiseaseinjuriesKidneyKineticsResearchSerumNot in File672679J Am Soc.Nephrol.203Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. swaikar@partners.orgPM:19244578J Am Soc.Nephrol.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Waikar20091139Creatinine kinetics and the definition of acute kidney injuryJournal1139Creatinine kinetics and the definition of acute kidney injuryWaikar,S.S.Bonventre,J.V.2009/3classificationCreatinineDialysisDiseaseinjuriesKidneyKineticsResearchSerumNot in File672679J Am Soc.Nephrol.203Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. swaikar@partners.orgPM:19244578J Am Soc.Nephrol.1[83][107]. Les informations données, en cas d’insuffisance rénale aiguë, par un dosage de créatinine, et peut-être plus encore, la valeur d’un suivi longitudinal de créatinine chez un patient en situation aiguë doivent donc être interprétées avec circonspection.
4 Variation de la concentration de créatinine indépendamment d’une modification du DFG : interférences analytiques et médicamenteuses
4.1 Interférence analytique de la bilirubine avec la mesure de la créatinine
La présence d’une concentration élevée de bilirubine est une source fréquente d’interférences en biologie clinique. C’est aussi le cas pour le dosage de la créatinine. Les interférences dues à la bilirubine ont été décrites avec les méthodes automatisées de dosage de la créatinine (de type Jaffe ou enzymatique). Ces interférences sont complexes, multiples et difficiles à appréhender  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Spencer1986790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineJournal790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineSpencer,K.1986/1analysisBilirubinBiochemistrybloodCephalosporinsCreatininediagnostic useFatty AcidsGlomerular Filtration RateHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationKetonesKidney DiseasesKineticsmetabolismphysiologyPicratesTemperatureUreohydrolasesNot in File125Ann.Clin Biochem.23 ( Pt 1)PM:3532908Ann.Clin Biochem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Spencer1986790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineJournal790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineSpencer,K.1986/1analysisBilirubinBiochemistrybloodCephalosporinsCreatininediagnostic useFatty AcidsGlomerular Filtration RateHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationKetonesKidney DiseasesKineticsmetabolismphysiologyPicratesTemperatureUreohydrolasesNot in File125Ann.Clin Biochem.23 ( Pt 1)PM:3532908Ann.Clin Biochem.1[26][32]. Avant l’automatisation, la déprotéinisation du sérum réalisée dans les techniques manuelles (mais aussi sur certains anciens automates) s’accompagnait aussi d’une « débilirubinisation », (la bilirubine étant majoritairement liée aux protéines). C’est véritablement Watkins qui, en 1976, va le premier décrire et étudier une interférence négative (créatinine plus basse que ce qu’elle ne devrait être) en cas de « jaunisse » avecsur un ancien automate utilisant la réaction de Jaffe  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Watkins1976860Interesting interferences in a direct serum creatinine reactionJournal860Interesting interferences in a direct serum creatinine reactionWatkins,R.E.Feldkamp,C.S.Thibert,R.J.Zak,B.1976SerumCreatinineNot in File370384Microchem.J.214Microchem.J.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Watkins1976860Interesting interferences in a direct serum creatinine reactionJournal860Interesting interferences in a direct serum creatinine reactionWatkins,R.E.Feldkamp,C.S.Thibert,R.J.Zak,B.1976SerumCreatinineNot in File370384Microchem.J.214Microchem.J.1[84][108]. L’hypothèse est que la bilirubine est oxydée par le réactif alcalin en biliverdine, surtout en début de réaction, ce qui diminue l’absorbance à 510 nm (longueur d’onde où l’absorbance de la bilirubine est maximale) et augmente l’absorbance à 620 nm (longueur d’onde où l’absorbance de la biliverdine est maximale). Si la mesure de créatinine (ou le « blanc ») est réalisée au départ, en présence de bilirubine, l’absorbance vers les 510 nm sera diminuée par la présence de bilirubine et le résultat de créatinine sera donc faussement diminué  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Spencer1986790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineJournal790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineSpencer,K.1986/1analysisBilirubinBiochemistrybloodCephalosporinsCreatininediagnostic useFatty AcidsGlomerular Filtration RateHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationKetonesKidney DiseasesKineticsmetabolismphysiologyPicratesTemperatureUreohydrolasesNot in File125Ann.Clin Biochem.23 ( Pt 1)PM:3532908Ann.Clin Biochem.1Watkins1976860Interesting interferences in a direct serum creatinine reactionJournal860Interesting interferences in a direct serum creatinine reactionWatkins,R.E.Feldkamp,C.S.Thibert,R.J.Zak,B.1976SerumCreatinineNot in File370384Microchem.J.214Microchem.J.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Spencer1986790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineJournal790Analytical reviews in clinical biochemistry: the estimation of creatinineSpencer,K.1986/1analysisBilirubinBiochemistrybloodCephalosporinsCreatininediagnostic useFatty AcidsGlomerular Filtration RateHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationKetonesKidney DiseasesKineticsmetabolismphysiologyPicratesTemperatureUreohydrolasesNot in File125Ann.Clin Biochem.23 ( Pt 1)PM:3532908Ann.Clin Biochem.1Watkins1976860Interesting interferences in a direct serum creatinine reactionJournal860Interesting interferences in a direct serum creatinine reactionWatkins,R.E.Feldkamp,C.S.Thibert,R.J.Zak,B.1976SerumCreatinineNot in File370384Microchem.J.214Microchem.J.1[26,84][32,108]. Néanmoins, l’interférence semble nettement dépendante de l’automate qui est utilisé sans que cela soit franchement lié aux réactifs, au pH ou à la concentration de picrate utilisés mais, plutôt, à la composition de la solution tamponnée, au temps de lecture et à la température de la réaction  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Knapp1987890Investigations into negative interference by jaundiced plasma in kinetic Jaffe methods for plasma creatinine determinationJournal890Investigations into negative interference by jaundiced plasma in kinetic Jaffe methods for plasma creatinine determinationKnapp,M.L.Hadid,O.1987/1BilirubinbloodCreatinineFalse Negative ReactionsHumansHydroxidesJaundiceKineticsMethodsPicratesPlasmaTemperatureNot in File8597Ann.Clin Biochem.24 ( Pt 1)PM:3827191Ann.Clin Biochem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Lolekha1994882Comparison of techniques for minimizing interference of bilirubin on serum creatinine determined by the kinetic Jaffe reactionJournal882Comparison of techniques for minimizing interference of bilirubin on serum creatinine determined by the kinetic Jaffe reactionLolekha,P.H.Sritong,N.1994analysisBilirubinbloodComparative StudyCreatinineFerricyanidesHumansKineticsMethodspathologyPotassiumSerumSodiumSodium Dodecyl SulfateTrichloroacetic AcidNot in File391399J Clin Lab Anal.86Department of Pathology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, ThailandPM:7869178J Clin Lab Anal.1Knapp1987890Investigations into negative interference by jaundiced plasma in kinetic Jaffe methods for plasma creatinine determinationJournal890Investigations into negative interference by jaundiced plasma in kinetic Jaffe methods for plasma creatinine determinationKnapp,M.L.Hadid,O.1987/1BilirubinbloodCreatinineFalse Negative ReactionsHumansHydroxidesJaundiceKineticsMethodsPicratesPlasmaTemperatureNot in File8597Ann.Clin Biochem.24 ( Pt 1)PM:3827191Ann.Clin Biochem.1[85][109,110]. La raison de ces différences entre automates est, cependant, loin d’être claire  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Knapp1987890Investigations into negative interference by jaundiced plasma in kinetic Jaffe methods for plasma creatinine determinationJournal890Investigations into negative interference by jaundiced plasma in kinetic Jaffe methods for plasma creatinine determinationKnapp,M.L.Hadid,O.1987/1BilirubinbloodCreatinineFalse Negative ReactionsHumansHydroxidesJaundiceKineticsMethodsPicratesPlasmaTemperatureNot in File8597Ann.Clin Biochem.24 ( Pt 1)PM:3827191Ann.Clin Biochem.1[110]. Si interférence il y a, celle-ci semble bien dépendante du taux de bilirubine mais pas de la concentration de créatinine  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Knapp1987890Investigations into negative interference by jaundiced plasma in kinetic Jaffe methods for plasma creatinine determinationJournal890Investigations into negative interference by jaundiced plasma in kinetic Jaffe methods for plasma creatinine determinationKnapp,M.L.Hadid,O.1987/1BilirubinbloodCreatinineFalse Negative ReactionsHumansHydroxidesJaundiceKineticsMethodsPicratesPlasmaTemperatureNot in File8597Ann.Clin Biochem.24 ( Pt 1)PM:3827191Ann.Clin Biochem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Knapp1987890Investigations into negative interference by jaundiced plasma in kinetic Jaffe methods for plasma creatinine determinationJournal890Investigations into negative interference by jaundiced plasma in kinetic Jaffe methods for plasma creatinine determinationKnapp,M.L.Hadid,O.1987/1BilirubinbloodCreatinineFalse Negative ReactionsHumansHydroxidesJaundiceKineticsMethodsPicratesPlasmaTemperatureNot in File8597Ann.Clin Biochem.24 ( Pt 1)PM:3827191Ann.Clin Biochem.1Lolekha1994882Comparison of techniques for minimizing interference of bilirubin on serum creatinine determined by the kinetic Jaffe reactionJournal882Comparison of techniques for minimizing interference of bilirubin on serum creatinine determined by the kinetic Jaffe reactionLolekha,P.H.Sritong,N.1994analysisBilirubinbloodComparative StudyCreatinineFerricyanidesHumansKineticsMethodspathologyPotassiumSerumSodiumSodium Dodecyl SulfateTrichloroacetic AcidNot in File391399J Clin Lab Anal.86Department of Pathology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, ThailandPM:7869178J Clin Lab Anal.1[85][109,110] (l’effet de l’interférence sera donc, encore une fois, relativement plus important pour les valeurs basses ou « normales » de créatinine  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Knapp1987890Investigations into negative interference by jaundiced plasma in kinetic Jaffe methods for plasma creatinine determinationJournal890Investigations into negative interference by jaundiced plasma in kinetic Jaffe methods for plasma creatinine determinationKnapp,M.L.Hadid,O.1987/1BilirubinbloodCreatinineFalse Negative ReactionsHumansHydroxidesJaundiceKineticsMethodsPicratesPlasmaTemperatureNot in File8597Ann.Clin Biochem.24 ( Pt 1)PM:3827191Ann.Clin Biochem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Knapp1987890Investigations into negative interference by jaundiced plasma in kinetic Jaffe methods for plasma creatinine determinationJournal890Investigations into negative interference by jaundiced plasma in kinetic Jaffe methods for plasma creatinine determinationKnapp,M.L.Hadid,O.1987/1BilirubinbloodCreatinineFalse Negative ReactionsHumansHydroxidesJaundiceKineticsMethodsPicratesPlasmaTemperatureNot in File8597Ann.Clin Biochem.24 ( Pt 1)PM:3827191Ann.Clin Biochem.1[85][110]). Actuellement, certaines firmes (notamment Roche)sociétés de diagnostic ont proposé de réaliser deux mesures à desux temps distincts. La première mesure est réalisée entre 106 et 178 secondes après l’adjonction de la solution alcaline. A ce moment la bilirubine a été oxydée en biliverdine et cette mesure est donc le vrai « blanc ». Ensuite, la seconde mesure, celle de la créatinine, est réalisée 250 et 322 secondes après l’adjonction de picrate et cette mesure sera ensuite corrigée en lui soustrayant celle de la première mesure (l’exemple correspond à l’automate Hitachi 737) ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Boot1994884Elimination of bilirubin interference in creatinine assays by routine techniques: comparisons with a high performance liquid chromatography methodJournal884Elimination of bilirubin interference in creatinine assays by routine techniques: comparisons with a high performance liquid chromatography methodBoot,S.LaRoche,N.Legg,E.F.1994/5analysisArtifactsBilirubinBiochemistrybloodChromatography,High Pressure LiquidComparative StudyCreatinineHistocytochemistryHumansJaundiceMethodsSpectrophotometry,UltravioletNot in File262266Ann.Clin Biochem.31 ( Pt 3)Department of Clinical Biochemistry, East Birmingham Hospital, Bordesley Green, UKPM:8067667Ann.Clin Biochem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Boot1994884Elimination of bilirubin interference in creatinine assays by routine techniques: comparisons with a high performance liquid chromatography methodJournal884Elimination of bilirubin interference in creatinine assays by routine techniques: comparisons with a high performance liquid chromatography methodBoot,S.LaRoche,N.Legg,E.F.1994/5analysisArtifactsBilirubinBiochemistrybloodChromatography,High Pressure LiquidComparative StudyCreatinineHistocytochemistryHumansJaundiceMethodsSpectrophotometry,UltravioletNot in File262266Ann.Clin Biochem.31 ( Pt 3)Department of Clinical Biochemistry, East Birmingham Hospital, Bordesley Green, UKPM:8067667Ann.Clin Biochem.1[86][111]. L’efficacité de cette procédure est actuellement reconnue et, pour ce qui est de l’interférence avec la bilirubine, certains auteurs préfèrent ce type de méthode Jaffe « rate blanked » à une méthode enzymatique  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Owen2007591Does bilirubin cause interference in Roche creatinine methods?Journal591Does bilirubin cause interference in Roche creatinine methods?Owen,L.J.Keevil,B.G.2007/2AutoanalysisBilirubinbloodChromatography,LiquidCreatinineHumansMass SpectrometryMethodsNot in File370371Clin Chem.532PM:17259257Clin Chem.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Owen2007591Does bilirubin cause interference in Roche creatinine methods?Journal591Does bilirubin cause interference in Roche creatinine methods?Owen,L.J.Keevil,B.G.2007/2AutoanalysisBilirubinbloodChromatography,LiquidCreatinineHumansMass SpectrometryMethodsNot in File370371Clin Chem.532PM:17259257Clin Chem.1[87][112].
En effet, la bilirubine peut aussi interférer négativement avec les méthodes enzymatiques et particulièrement les méthodes basées sur la créatinine amidohydrolase. Dans cette méthode de mesure, c’est la production d’eau oxygénée induite par la sarcosine peroxydase qui est mesurée. La bilirubine aurait une action compétitrice sur cette peroxydase comme donneuse d’ion hydrogène  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Fossati1983892Enzymic creatinine assay: a new colorimetric method based on hydrogen peroxide measurementJournal892Enzymic creatinine assay: a new colorimetric method based on hydrogen peroxide measurementFossati,P.Prencipe,L.Berti,G.1983/8analysisBenzenesulfonatesbloodChemical PhenomenachemistryColorimetryComparative StudyCreatineCreatinineEvaluation Studies as TopicHumanHumansHydrogen PeroxideMethodsPeroxidaseSarcosineSerumSpectrophotometryTemperatureurineNot in File14941496Clin Chem298PM:6872208Clin Chem1Lindback1989902A new commercial method for the enzymatic determination of creatinine in serum and urine evaluated: comparison with a kinetic Jaffe method and isotope dilution-mass spectrometryJournal902A new commercial method for the enzymatic determination of creatinine in serum and urine evaluated: comparison with a kinetic Jaffe method and isotope dilution-mass spectrometryLindback,B.Bergman,A.1989/5AcetoneAmidohydrolasesanalysisBilirubinbloodchemistryComparative StudyCreatinineEvaluation Studies as TopicHumansKidney Function TestsKineticsMass SpectrometryOxidoreductasesOxidoreductases,N-DemethylatingPeroxidaseRadioisotope Dilution TechniqueReagent Kits,DiagnosticSarcosineSarcosine OxidaseSerumSwedenurineNot in File835837Clin Chem355Department of Clinical Chemistry, Huddinge University Hospital, SwedenPM:2541950Clin Chem1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Fossati1983892Enzymic creatinine assay: a new colorimetric method based on hydrogen peroxide measurementJournal892Enzymic creatinine assay: a new colorimetric method based on hydrogen peroxide measurementFossati,P.Prencipe,L.Berti,G.1983/8analysisBenzenesulfonatesbloodChemical PhenomenachemistryColorimetryComparative StudyCreatineCreatinineEvaluation Studies as TopicHumanHumansHydrogen PeroxideMethodsPeroxidaseSarcosineSerumSpectrophotometryTemperatureurineNot in File14941496Clin Chem298PM:6872208Clin Chem1Lindback1989902A new commercial method for the enzymatic determination of creatinine in serum and urine evaluated: comparison with a kinetic Jaffe method and isotope dilution-mass spectrometryJournal902A new commercial method for the enzymatic determination of creatinine in serum and urine evaluated: comparison with a kinetic Jaffe method and isotope dilution-mass spectrometryLindback,B.Bergman,A.1989/5AcetoneAmidohydrolasesanalysisBilirubinbloodchemistryComparative StudyCreatinineEvaluation Studies as TopicHumansKidney Function TestsKineticsMass SpectrometryOxidoreductasesOxidoreductases,N-DemethylatingPeroxidaseRadioisotope Dilution TechniqueReagent Kits,DiagnosticSarcosineSarcosine OxidaseSerumSwedenurineNot in File835837Clin Chem355Department of Clinical Chemistry, Huddinge University Hospital, SwedenPM:2541950Clin Chem1[35,88][43,113]. Notons que l’interférence avec la bilirubine semble moins affecter les méthodes enzymatiques « sèches » utilisant la diffusion du sang sur des plaques car les protéines (et donc la bilirubine) ne diffusent pas suffisamment  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Toffaletti1983906An automated dry-slide enzymatic method evaluated for measurement of creatinine in serumJournal906An automated dry-slide enzymatic method evaluated for measurement of creatinine in serumToffaletti,J.Blosser,N.Hall,T.Smith,S.Tompkins,D.1983/4AminohydrolasesAmmoniaanalysisAutoanalysisbloodComparative StudyCreatinineHumansinstrumentationLaboratoriesMethodsQuality ControlSerumNot in File684687Clin Chem294PM:6831698Clin Chem1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Toffaletti1983906An automated dry-slide enzymatic method evaluated for measurement of creatinine in serumJournal906An automated dry-slide enzymatic method evaluated for measurement of creatinine in serumToffaletti,J.Blosser,N.Hall,T.Smith,S.Tompkins,D.1983/4AminohydrolasesAmmoniaanalysisAutoanalysisbloodComparative StudyCreatinineHumansinstrumentationLaboratoriesMethodsQuality ControlSerumNot in File684687Clin Chem294PM:6831698Clin Chem1[89][114]. Il est important de souligner l’absence d’interférence entre la bilirubine et la créatinine mesurée avec les méthodes enzymatiques basées sur la créatinine iminohydrolase. Une des études les plus intéressantes sur cette interférence à la bilirubine est aussi une des plus récentes  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Cobbaert20091176Prime time for enzymatic creatinine methods in pediatricsJournal1176Prime time for enzymatic creatinine methods in pediatricsCobbaert,C.M.Baadenhuijsen,H.Weykamp,C.W.2009/3AdultBilirubinbloodchemistryChildChild,PreschoolCreatinineEnzymesGlomerular Filtration RateHemoglobin AHumansImmunoglobulin GimmunologyKidneyLaboratoriesmetabolismMethodsPediatricsResearchSerumNot in File549558Clin Chem553Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amphia Hospital, Breda. c.cobbaert@planet.nlPM:19168555Clin Chem1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Cobbaert20091176Prime time for enzymatic creatinine methods in pediatricsJournal1176Prime time for enzymatic creatinine methods in pediatricsCobbaert,C.M.Baadenhuijsen,H.Weykamp,C.W.2009/3AdultBilirubinbloodchemistryChildChild,PreschoolCreatinineEnzymesGlomerular Filtration RateHemoglobin AHumansImmunoglobulin GimmunologyKidneyLaboratoriesmetabolismMethodsPediatricsResearchSerumNot in File549558Clin Chem553Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amphia Hospital, Breda. c.cobbaert@planet.nlPM:19168555Clin Chem1[90][49] à changer en ref 115. Ces auteurs ont étudié, sur du sérum pédiatrique, l’effet de l’adjonction de bilirubine sur 15 méthodes de dosages de la créatinine (dont 4 enzymatiques). Aucune interférence significative n’a été retrouvée pour les quatre méthodes enzymatiques alors qu’une interférence plus significative n’est retrouvée que pour trois méthodes de Jaffe. Ces résultats plus « optimistes » sont, sans doute, liés aux efforts des firmes commercialisant les automates  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Cobbaert20091176Prime time for enzymatic creatinine methods in pediatricsJournal1176Prime time for enzymatic creatinine methods in pediatricsCobbaert,C.M.Baadenhuijsen,H.Weykamp,C.W.2009/3AdultBilirubinbloodchemistryChildChild,PreschoolCreatinineEnzymesGlomerular Filtration RateHemoglobin AHumansImmunoglobulin GimmunologyKidneyLaboratoriesmetabolismMethodsPediatricsResearchSerumNot in File549558Clin Chem553Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amphia Hospital, Breda. c.cobbaert@planet.nlPM:19168555Clin Chem1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Cobbaert20091176Prime time for enzymatic creatinine methods in pediatricsJournal1176Prime time for enzymatic creatinine methods in pediatricsCobbaert,C.M.Baadenhuijsen,H.Weykamp,C.W.2009/3AdultBilirubinbloodchemistryChildChild,PreschoolCreatinineEnzymesGlomerular Filtration RateHemoglobin AHumansImmunoglobulin GimmunologyKidneyLaboratoriesmetabolismMethodsPediatricsResearchSerumNot in File549558Clin Chem553Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amphia Hospital, Breda. c.cobbaert@planet.nlPM:19168555Clin Chem1[90][49]. Dà changer en ref 115 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Cobbaert20091176Prime time for enzymatic creatinine methods in pediatricsJournal1176Prime time for enzymatic creatinine methods in pediatricsCobbaert,C.M.Baadenhuijsen,H.Weykamp,C.W.2009/3AdultBilirubinbloodchemistryChildChild,PreschoolCreatinineEnzymesGlomerular Filtration RateHemoglobin AHumansImmunoglobulin GimmunologyKidneyLaboratoriesmetabolismMethodsPediatricsResearchSerumNot in File549558Clin Chem553Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amphia Hospital, Breda. c.cobbaert@planet.nlPM:19168555Clin Chem1[49]. De même, les résultats récents de cette étude montre que l’hémolyse ne modifie que relativement peu les valeurs de créatinine quand elle est mesurée par la méthode de Jaffe et pas du tout quand la créatinine est mesurée par les méthodes enzymatiques.
4.2 Interférence analytique des céphalosporines avec la méthode de Jaffe
Les céphalosporines sont classiquement évoquées comme source d’interférences pour la mesure de la créatinine par les méthodes basées sur la réaction de Jaffe. Certaines céphalosporines sont, en effet, des pseudochromogènes puissants. Cependant, la plupart des céphalosporines, et spécialement celles qui sont toujours utilisées de nos jours, n’interfèrent pas dans le dosage. L’interférence des céphalosporines dans le dosage de la créatinine par la méthode de Jaffe peut donc être considérée comme historique car significative uniquement avec des céphalosporines qui ne sont plus utilisées aujourd’hui comme la céphalotine et, surtout, la céfoxitine  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Kroll1983972Mechanism of cefoxitin and cephalothin interference with the Jaffe method for creatinineJournal972Mechanism of cefoxitin and cephalothin interference with the Jaffe method for creatinineKroll,M.H.Elin,R.J.1983/12analysisAutoanalysisbloodCefoxitinCephalothinChemical PhenomenachemistryComparative StudyCreatinineFalse Positive ReactionsHumansinstrumentationKineticsPicratesRegression AnalysisSpectrophotometryThermodynamicsNot in File20442048Clin Chem2912PM:6640898Clin Chem1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Saah1982922Cefoxitin falsely elevates creatinine levelsJournal922Cefoxitin falsely elevates creatinine levelsSaah,A.J.Koch,T.R.Drusano,G.L.1982/1/8AdultbloodCefoxitinCreatinineFalse Positive ReactionsGlomerular Filtration RateHumanHumansIn VitropharmacologySerumSodiumurineNot in File205206JAMA2472PM:7053461JAMA1Kroll1983972Mechanism of cefoxitin and cephalothin interference with the Jaffe method for creatinineJournal972Mechanism of cefoxitin and cephalothin interference with the Jaffe method for creatinineKroll,M.H.Elin,R.J.1983/12analysisAutoanalysisbloodCefoxitinCephalothinChemical PhenomenachemistryComparative StudyCreatinineFalse Positive ReactionsHumansinstrumentationKineticsPicratesRegression AnalysisSpectrophotometryThermodynamicsNot in File20442048Clin Chem2912PM:6640898Clin Chem1Ducharme19931077Drug-induced alterations in serum creatinine concentrationsJournal1077Drug-induced alterations in serum creatinine concentrationsDucharme,M.P.Smythe,M.Strohs,G.1993/5AminohydrolasesbloodCephalosporinsCimetidineColorimetryCreatininediagnostic useDrug InteractionsGlomerular Filtration RateHumansMethodspharmacologySalicylatesSalicylic AcidSalicylic AcidsSerumTrimethoprimTrimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole CombinationNot in File622633Ann.Pharmacother.275Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202PM:8347916Ann.Pharmacother.1[91][115-117].
4.3 Interférences « à hautes concentrations »
Certaines interférences entre la mesure enzymatique de la créatinine et certains médicaments ne surviennent que lorsque le médicament en question n’est présent qu’en concentrations très élevées (et ,très supérieures aux concentrations plasmatiques thérapeutiques). Ces interférences qui sont le plus souvent négatives en ce qui concerne les méthodes enzymatiques (les valeurs de créatinines apparaissent faussement abaissées) et ne surviennent, en pratique, que lors d’erreurs de prélèvement, lorsque l’échantillon de sang est prélevé sur une voie où le médicament est perfusé. Ce type d’interférences a été décrit avec la lidocaïne, le métamizole (Novalgine°), l’acide ascorbique, la dopamine, la dobutamine et l’acétylcystéine  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Daly1996801"Bouncing" creatinine levelsJournal801"Bouncing" creatinine levelsDaly,T.M.Kempe,K.C.Scott,M.G.1996/6/27AdultbloodBlood Specimen CollectionColorimetryColoring AgentsCreatinineDobutamineDrug InteractionsHeart DiseasesHumansKidney Failure,AcuteMaleMethodsNot in File17491750N.Engl.J.Med.33426PM:8637534N.Engl.J.Med.1Lognard20081179Acetylcysteine and enzymatic creatinine: beware of laboratory artefact!Journal1179Acetylcysteine and enzymatic creatinine: beware of laboratory artefact!Lognard,M.Cavalier,E.Chapelle,J.P.Lambermont,B.Krzesinski,J.M.Delanaye,P.2008/5AcetaminophenAcetylcysteineAntidotesAntioxidantsbloodBlood Chemical AnalysisCreatinineHumansIn VitroLaboratoriespharmacologypoisoningReproducibility of ResultsNot in File973974Intensive Care Med.345PM:18157485Intensive Care Med.1Bagnoud1993900Interference of metamizol (dipyrone) on the determination of creatinine with the Kodak dry chemistry slide comparison with the enzymatic method from BoehringerJournal900Interference of metamizol (dipyrone) on the determination of creatinine with the Kodak dry chemistry slide comparison with the enzymatic method from BoehringerBagnoud,M.A.Reymond,J.P.1993/11analysisbloodchemistryChemistry,AnalyticalComparative StudyCreatinineDipyroneHumansmetabolismMethodsSerumurineNot in File753757Eur.J Clin Chem Clin Biochem.3111Laboratoire de Chimie Clinique, Institut Central des Hopitaux Valaisans, Sion, SuissePM:8305619Eur.J Clin Chem Clin Biochem.1Saenger20091514Catecholamine interference in enzymatic creatinine assaysJournal1514Catecholamine interference in enzymatic creatinine assaysSaenger,A.K.Lockwood,C.Snozek,C.L.Milz,T.C.Karon,B.S.Scott,M.G.Jaffe,A.S.2009/9AdultbloodBlood Chemical AnalysisCatecholaminesCreatinineDobutamineDopaminedrug therapyEpinephrineGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidney DiseasesKidney Function TestsLaboratoriesMalemetabolismMethodsNorepinephrinepathologypharmacologyphysiopathologyResearchSerumtherapeutic useNot in File17321736Clin Chem559Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USAPM:19589845Clin Chem1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Guder1986899Multicentre evaluation of an enzymatic method for creatinine determination using a sensitive colour reagentJournal899Multicentre evaluation of an enzymatic method for creatinine determination using a sensitive colour reagentGuder,W.G.Hoffmann,G.E.Hubbuch,A.Poppe,W.A.Siedel,J.Price,C.P.1986/11analysisBilirubinchemistryColorimetryCreatinineEvaluation Studies as TopicHumanHumansIndicators and ReagentsKineticsLaboratoriesMethodsReference ValuesSarcosineSerumSpectrophotometry,UltravioletstandardsurineNot in File889902J Clin Chem Clin Biochem.2411PM:3806017J Clin Chem Clin Biochem.1Daly1996801"Bouncing" creatinine levelsJournal801"Bouncing" creatinine levelsDaly,T.M.Kempe,K.C.Scott,M.G.1996/6/27AdultbloodBlood Specimen CollectionColorimetryColoring AgentsCreatinineDobutamineDrug InteractionsHeart DiseasesHumansKidney Failure,AcuteMaleMethodsNot in File17491750N.Engl.J.Med.33426PM:8637534N.Engl.J.Med.1Lognard20081179Acetylcysteine and enzymatic creatinine: beware of laboratory artefact!Journal1179Acetylcysteine and enzymatic creatinine: beware of laboratory artefact!Lognard,M.Cavalier,E.Chapelle,J.P.Lambermont,B.Krzesinski,J.M.Delanaye,P.2008/5AcetaminophenAcetylcysteineAntidotesAntioxidantsbloodBlood Chemical AnalysisCreatinineHumansIn VitroLaboratoriespharmacologypoisoningReproducibility of ResultsNot in File973974Intensive Care Med.345PM:18157485Intensive Care Med.1Bagnoud1993900Interference of metamizol (dipyrone) on the determination of creatinine with the Kodak dry chemistry slide comparison with the enzymatic method from BoehringerJournal900Interference of metamizol (dipyrone) on the determination of creatinine with the Kodak dry chemistry slide comparison with the enzymatic method from BoehringerBagnoud,M.A.Reymond,J.P.1993/11analysisbloodchemistryChemistry,AnalyticalComparative StudyCreatinineDipyroneHumansmetabolismMethodsSerumurineNot in File753757Eur.J Clin Chem Clin Biochem.3111Laboratoire de Chimie Clinique, Institut Central des Hopitaux Valaisans, Sion, SuissePM:8305619Eur.J Clin Chem Clin Biochem.1Saenger20091514Catecholamine interference in enzymatic creatinine assaysJournal1514Catecholamine interference in enzymatic creatinine assaysSaenger,A.K.Lockwood,C.Snozek,C.L.Milz,T.C.Karon,B.S.Scott,M.G.Jaffe,A.S.2009/9AdultbloodBlood Chemical AnalysisCatecholaminesCreatinineDobutamineDopaminedrug therapyEpinephrineGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidney DiseasesKidney Function TestsLaboratoriesMalemetabolismMethodsNorepinephrinepathologypharmacologyphysiopathologyResearchSerumtherapeutic useNot in File17321736Clin Chem559Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USAPM:19589845Clin Chem1[92-95][118-122]
4.4 Interférences « historiques »
Le 5-flucytosine dont la structure présente des similitudes avec la créatinine est responsable d’une interférence très importante avec la méthode enzymatique de mesure de la créatinine basée sur la créatinine iminohydrolase (,à tel point que cette méthode a été recommandée pour monitoriser les taux sanguin de 5-flucytosine). Cet antifungique n’est plus utilisé de nos jours  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Toffaletti1983906An automated dry-slide enzymatic method evaluated for measurement of creatinine in serumJournal906An automated dry-slide enzymatic method evaluated for measurement of creatinine in serumToffaletti,J.Blosser,N.Hall,T.Smith,S.Tompkins,D.1983/4AminohydrolasesAmmoniaanalysisAutoanalysisbloodComparative StudyCreatinineHumansinstrumentationLaboratoriesMethodsQuality ControlSerumNot in File684687Clin Chem294PM:6831698Clin Chem1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Toffaletti1983906An automated dry-slide enzymatic method evaluated for measurement of creatinine in serumJournal906An automated dry-slide enzymatic method evaluated for measurement of creatinine in serumToffaletti,J.Blosser,N.Hall,T.Smith,S.Tompkins,D.1983/4AminohydrolasesAmmoniaanalysisAutoanalysisbloodComparative StudyCreatinineHumansinstrumentationLaboratoriesMethodsQuality ControlSerumNot in File684687Clin Chem294PM:6831698Clin Chem1[89][114]. Le phénacémide était autrefois utilisé dans les épilepsies réfractaires. Il pouvait aussi augmenter la créatinine, indépendemment d’une variation de DFG, peut-être via une augmentation de la conversion créatine-créatinine  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Richards1978921Rise in serum and urine creatinine after phenacemideJournal921Rise in serum and urine creatinine after phenacemideRichards,R.K.Bjornsson,T.D.Waterbury,L.D.1978/4AdolescentAdultanalogs & derivativesAnimalsAnticonvulsantsbloodBlood Urea NitrogenCreatineCreatinineDiseaseHumansIn VitroMaleNitrogenObservationpharmacologyPhenylacetatesRabbitsRatsSerumUreaurineNot in File430437Clin Pharmacol.Ther.234PM:630790Clin Pharmacol.Ther.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Richards1978921Rise in serum and urine creatinine after phenacemideJournal921Rise in serum and urine creatinine after phenacemideRichards,R.K.Bjornsson,T.D.Waterbury,L.D.1978/4AdolescentAdultanalogs & derivativesAnimalsAnticonvulsantsbloodBlood Urea NitrogenCreatineCreatinineDiseaseHumansIn VitroMaleNitrogenObservationpharmacologyPhenylacetatesRabbitsRatsSerumUreaurineNot in File430437Clin Pharmacol.Ther.234PM:630790Clin Pharmacol.Ther.1[96][123].
4.5 Cimétidine, triméthoprime et fibrates
Depuis 1976, la cimétidine est connue comme pouvant être à l’origine d’une augmentation significative de la créatinine. Plusieurs études, incluant une mesure en parallèle de la créatinine, de la clairance de créatinine et du DFG par une méthode de référence, ont bien démontré que l’effet sur la créatinine de la cimétidine était lié à une inhibition de la sécrétion tubulaire de créatinine  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Larsson19791029The effect of cimetidine, a new histamine H2-receptor antagonist, on renal functionJournal1029The effect of cimetidine, a new histamine H2-receptor antagonist, on renal functionLarsson,R.Bodemar,G.Kagedal,B.1979administration & dosageAdultadverse effectsAgedbeta 2-MicroglobulinbloodCimetidineClinical Trials as TopicCreatinineDiseasedrug effectsdrug therapyEdetic AcidFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateGuanidinesHumansKidneyMalemetabolismMiddle AgedPeptic UlcerPlasmasecretionSerumtherapeutic useurineNot in File8789Acta Med.Scand.2051-2PM:104553Acta Med.Scand.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Dubb1978917Effect of cimetidine on renal function in normal manJournal917Effect of cimetidine on renal function in normal manDubb,J.W.Stote,R.M.Familiar,R.G.Lee,K.Alexander,F.1978/7AdultAmmoniaAmmonium ChlorideanalysisBicarbonatesCimetidineCreatininediagnostic usedrug effectsGuanidinesHumansInulinKidneyKidney Concentrating AbilityMalemetabolismOsmolar ConcentrationpharmacologysecretionurineNot in File7683Clin Pharmacol.Ther.241PM:657722Clin Pharmacol.Ther.1Larsson19791029The effect of cimetidine, a new histamine H2-receptor antagonist, on renal functionJournal1029The effect of cimetidine, a new histamine H2-receptor antagonist, on renal functionLarsson,R.Bodemar,G.Kagedal,B.1979administration & dosageAdultadverse effectsAgedbeta 2-MicroglobulinbloodCimetidineClinical Trials as TopicCreatinineDiseasedrug effectsdrug therapyEdetic AcidFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateGuanidinesHumansKidneyMalemetabolismMiddle AgedPeptic UlcerPlasmasecretionSerumtherapeutic useurineNot in File8789Acta Med.Scand.2051-2PM:104553Acta Med.Scand.1[97][124,125]. Le pouvoir de blocage de la cimétidine apparaît relativement puissant et limité dans le temps, si on se base en tout cas sur la demi-vie courte de la cimétidine (1,8 heures). L’effet de la cimétidine est lié à sa charge et à sa structure moléculaire et n’est pas un effet de classe (la ranitidine n’affecte donc pas la sécrétion tubulaire de créatinine  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE van den Berg19961024Ranitidine has no influence on tubular creatinine secretionJournal1024Ranitidine has no influence on tubular creatinine secretionvan den Berg,J.G.Koopman,M.G.Arisz,L.1996AdultCimetidineCreatininedrug effectsFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHistamine H2 AntagonistsHumansInulinKidney TubulesMaleMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismNetherlandspharmacologyPlasmaRanitidinesecretionNot in File705708Nephron744Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsPM:8956305Nephron1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE van den Berg19961024Ranitidine has no influence on tubular creatinine secretionJournal1024Ranitidine has no influence on tubular creatinine secretionvan den Berg,J.G.Koopman,M.G.Arisz,L.1996AdultCimetidineCreatininedrug effectsFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHistamine H2 AntagonistsHumansInulinKidney TubulesMaleMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismNetherlandspharmacologyPlasmaRanitidinesecretionNot in File705708Nephron744Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsPM:8956305Nephron1[98][126]).
Utilisé à dose correcte, l’antibiotique triméthoprime augmente la créatinine sérique et diminue la sécrétion de créatinine via une inhibition de sa sécrétion tubulaire sans que cela n’affecte le DFG  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Berglund1975916Effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on the renal excretion of creatinine in manJournal916Effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on the renal excretion of creatinine in manBerglund,F.Killander,J.Pompeius,R.1975/12administration & dosageanalysisbloodCreatinineDose-Response Relationship,DrugDrug Combinationsdrug effectsFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidney TubulesMalemetabolismpharmacologyPlasmasecretionSerumSulfamethoxazoleTime FactorsTrimethoprimurineNot in File802808J Urol.1146PM:1195454J Urol.1Trollfors19801005Co-trimoxazole, creatinine and renal functionJournal1005Co-trimoxazole, creatinine and renal functionTrollfors,B.Wahl,M.Alestig,K.1980/9Adultadverse effectsAgedbeta 2-MicroglobulinChromiumChromium RadioisotopesCreatininediagnostic useDrug Combinationsdrug effectsEdetic AcidFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidneyKidney Function TestsKidney Tubules,ProximalMalemetabolismMiddle AgedpharmacologyphysiologyRadioisotopesResearchSulfamethoxazoleTrimethoprimTrimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole CombinationurineNot in File221226J Infect.23PM:6821086J Infect.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Berglund1975916Effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on the renal excretion of creatinine in manJournal916Effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on the renal excretion of creatinine in manBerglund,F.Killander,J.Pompeius,R.1975/12administration & dosageanalysisbloodCreatinineDose-Response Relationship,DrugDrug Combinationsdrug effectsFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidney TubulesMalemetabolismpharmacologyPlasmasecretionSerumSulfamethoxazoleTime FactorsTrimethoprimurineNot in File802808J Urol.1146PM:1195454J Urol.1Trollfors19801005Co-trimoxazole, creatinine and renal functionJournal1005Co-trimoxazole, creatinine and renal functionTrollfors,B.Wahl,M.Alestig,K.1980/9Adultadverse effectsAgedbeta 2-MicroglobulinChromiumChromium RadioisotopesCreatininediagnostic useDrug Combinationsdrug effectsEdetic AcidFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidneyKidney Function TestsKidney Tubules,ProximalMalemetabolismMiddle AgedpharmacologyphysiologyRadioisotopesResearchSulfamethoxazoleTrimethoprimTrimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole CombinationurineNot in File221226J Infect.23PM:6821086J Infect.1Kastrup1985996The effect of trimethoprim on serum creatinineJournal996The effect of trimethoprim on serum creatinineKastrup,J.Petersen,P.Bartram,R.Hansen,J.M.1985/6AdultAgedbloodCreatinineDiseasedrug effectsFemaleGlomerular Filtration RatehistoryHumansKidneyMaleMiddle AgedpharmacologyphysiologysecretionSerumTime FactorsTrimethoprimNot in File265268Br.J Urol.573PM:4005491Br.J Urol.1Berg1989999Renal effects of trimethoprim in ciclosporin- and azathioprine-treated kidney-allografted patientsJournal999Renal effects of trimethoprim in ciclosporin- and azathioprine-treated kidney-allografted patientsBerg,K.J.Gjellestad,A.Nordby,G.Rootwelt,K.Djoseland,O.Fauchald,P.Mehl,A.Narverud,J.Talseth,T.1989Adultadverse effectsAgedAzathioprinebeta 2-MicroglobulinbloodCreatinineCyclosporinsDrug InteractionsGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidney DiseasesKidney TransplantationKidney TubulesMalemetabolismMiddle AgedNephrologyNorwayphysiologyphysiopathologyProspective StudiesRenal CirculationResearchsecretionSerumtherapeutic usetherapyTrimethoprimUreaUric AcidNot in File218222Nephron533Section for Nephrology, National Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, NorwayPM:2677807Nephron1[99,100][127-130]. L’augmentation de la créatinine est de 10 à 20% chez le sujet sain mais peut dépasser les 30% en cas d’insuffisance rénale. L’effet sur la créatinine est rapide (dans les 2 à 6 heures qui suivent la prise). La durée de l’augmentation de la créatinine après arrêt du traitement est plus difficile à juger sur base des études cliniques. L’effet peut probablement perdurer une dizaine d’heures chez le sujet sans insuffisance rénale si l’on s’en réfère à la demi vie du médicament qui est de 8,8 à 17,3 heures (ce temps étant doublé en cas d’insuffisance rénale). Le triméthoprime ne peut, en tout cas, pas être considéré comme néphrotoxique  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Berglund1975916Effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on the renal excretion of creatinine in manJournal916Effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on the renal excretion of creatinine in manBerglund,F.Killander,J.Pompeius,R.1975/12administration & dosageanalysisbloodCreatinineDose-Response Relationship,DrugDrug Combinationsdrug effectsFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidney TubulesMalemetabolismpharmacologyPlasmasecretionSerumSulfamethoxazoleTime FactorsTrimethoprimurineNot in File802808J Urol.1146PM:1195454J Urol.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Berglund1975916Effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on the renal excretion of creatinine in manJournal916Effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on the renal excretion of creatinine in manBerglund,F.Killander,J.Pompeius,R.1975/12administration & dosageanalysisbloodCreatinineDose-Response Relationship,DrugDrug Combinationsdrug effectsFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidney TubulesMalemetabolismpharmacologyPlasmasecretionSerumSulfamethoxazoleTime FactorsTrimethoprimurineNot in File802808J Urol.1146PM:1195454J Urol.1[99][127]. Cela a bien été démontré par les études avec mesure concomitante de la créatinine et du DFG  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Berglund1961989Urinary excretion patterns for substances with simultaneous secretion and reabsorption by active transportJournal989Urinary excretion patterns for substances with simultaneous secretion and reabsorption by active transportBerglund,F.1961/7CreatineCreatinineKidneyphysiologysecretionUric AcidurineNot in File276290Acta Physiol Scand.52PM:13867726Acta Physiol Scand.1Trollfors19801005Co-trimoxazole, creatinine and renal functionJournal1005Co-trimoxazole, creatinine and renal functionTrollfors,B.Wahl,M.Alestig,K.1980/9Adultadverse effectsAgedbeta 2-MicroglobulinChromiumChromium RadioisotopesCreatininediagnostic useDrug Combinationsdrug effectsEdetic AcidFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidneyKidney Function TestsKidney Tubules,ProximalMalemetabolismMiddle AgedpharmacologyphysiologyRadioisotopesResearchSulfamethoxazoleTrimethoprimTrimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole CombinationurineNot in File221226J Infect.23PM:6821086J Infect.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Berglund1961989Urinary excretion patterns for substances with simultaneous secretion and reabsorption by active transportJournal989Urinary excretion patterns for substances with simultaneous secretion and reabsorption by active transportBerglund,F.1961/7CreatineCreatinineKidneyphysiologysecretionUric AcidurineNot in File276290Acta Physiol Scand.52PM:13867726Acta Physiol Scand.1Trollfors19801005Co-trimoxazole, creatinine and renal functionJournal1005Co-trimoxazole, creatinine and renal functionTrollfors,B.Wahl,M.Alestig,K.1980/9Adultadverse effectsAgedbeta 2-MicroglobulinChromiumChromium RadioisotopesCreatininediagnostic useDrug Combinationsdrug effectsEdetic AcidFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidneyKidney Function TestsKidney Tubules,ProximalMalemetabolismMiddle AgedpharmacologyphysiologyRadioisotopesResearchSulfamethoxazoleTrimethoprimTrimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole CombinationurineNot in File221226J Infect.23PM:6821086J Infect.1[100,101][128,131]. Il n’en reste pas moins que le co-trimoxazole, qui est une association fixe triméthoprime- sulfaméthoxazole peut lui se révéler néphrotoxique (entraînant une néphropathie de type tubulo-interstitielle) lorsqu’il est utilisé à hautes doses ou à doses inadaptées à la fonction rénale. Cet effet néphrotoxique est plus que probablement lié à l’effet potentiellement néphrotoxique du sulfaméthoxazole car il n’y a pas de cas de néphropathie rapportée avec le triméthoprime seul  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Rudra1989986Acute tubular necrosis following co-trimoxazole therapyJournal986Acute tubular necrosis following co-trimoxazole therapyRudra,T.Webb,D.B.Evans,A.G.1989adverse effectsAgedchemically inducedDrug CombinationsDrug EruptionsetiologyHumansKidneyKidney Failure,AcuteKidney Tubular Necrosis,AcuteMalepathologySulfamethoxazoletherapyTrimethoprimTrimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole CombinationNot in File8586Nephron531PM:2528700Nephron1Trollfors19801005Co-trimoxazole, creatinine and renal functionJournal1005Co-trimoxazole, creatinine and renal functionTrollfors,B.Wahl,M.Alestig,K.1980/9Adultadverse effectsAgedbeta 2-MicroglobulinChromiumChromium RadioisotopesCreatininediagnostic useDrug Combinationsdrug effectsEdetic AcidFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidneyKidney Function TestsKidney Tubules,ProximalMalemetabolismMiddle AgedpharmacologyphysiologyRadioisotopesResearchSulfamethoxazoleTrimethoprimTrimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole CombinationurineNot in File221226J Infect.23PM:6821086J Infect.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Rudra1989986Acute tubular necrosis following co-trimoxazole therapyJournal986Acute tubular necrosis following co-trimoxazole therapyRudra,T.Webb,D.B.Evans,A.G.1989adverse effectsAgedchemically inducedDrug CombinationsDrug EruptionsetiologyHumansKidneyKidney Failure,AcuteKidney Tubular Necrosis,AcuteMalepathologySulfamethoxazoletherapyTrimethoprimTrimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole CombinationNot in File8586Nephron531PM:2528700Nephron1Bailey19761006Deterioration in renal function in association with co-trimoxazole therapyJournal1006Deterioration in renal function in association with co-trimoxazole therapyBailey,R.R.Little,P.J.1976/6/12Adultadverse effectsAgedchemically inducedcomplicationsDrug CombinationsFemaleHumansKidney DiseasesKidney Failure,AcuteKidney Failure,ChronicMaleMiddle AgedSulfamethoxazoletherapyTrimethoprimNot in File914, 916Med.J Aust.124PM:979747Med.J Aust.1Trollfors19801005Co-trimoxazole, creatinine and renal functionJournal1005Co-trimoxazole, creatinine and renal functionTrollfors,B.Wahl,M.Alestig,K.1980/9Adultadverse effectsAgedbeta 2-MicroglobulinChromiumChromium RadioisotopesCreatininediagnostic useDrug Combinationsdrug effectsEdetic AcidFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidneyKidney Function TestsKidney Tubules,ProximalMalemetabolismMiddle AgedpharmacologyphysiologyRadioisotopesResearchSulfamethoxazoleTrimethoprimTrimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole CombinationurineNot in File221226J Infect.23PM:6821086J Infect.1[100,102][128,132,133].
Les fibrates sont encore fréquemment utilisés de nos jours comme agents anti-cholestérolémique et antitriglycéridémique. En 1993, Devuyst décrit sous ce traitement une augmentation de créatinine de 10% chez un patient greffé rénal  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Devuyst19931114Creatinine rise after fibrate therapy in renal graft recipientsJournal1114Creatinine rise after fibrate therapy in renal graft recipientsDevuyst,O.Goffin,E.Pirson,Y.van Ypersele,de Strihou1993/3/27adverse effectsanalogs & derivativesAntilipemic AgentsBezafibratebloodClofibric AcidCreatininedrug therapyFemaleHumansHypercholesterolemiaKidney TransplantationMaleProcetofentherapyNot in File840Lancet3418848PM:8096050Lancet1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Devuyst19931114Creatinine rise after fibrate therapy in renal graft recipientsJournal1114Creatinine rise after fibrate therapy in renal graft recipientsDevuyst,O.Goffin,E.Pirson,Y.van Ypersele,de Strihou1993/3/27adverse effectsanalogs & derivativesAntilipemic AgentsBezafibratebloodClofibric AcidCreatininedrug therapyFemaleHumansHypercholesterolemiaKidney TransplantationMaleProcetofentherapyNot in File840Lancet3418848PM:8096050Lancet1[103][134]. D’autres articles décriront par la suite le même genre de phénomène sans en étudier le mécanisme sous jacent  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Broeders20001095Fibrate-induced increase in blood urea and creatinine: is gemfibrozil the only innocuous agent?Journal1095Fibrate-induced increase in blood urea and creatinine: is gemfibrozil the only innocuous agent?Broeders,N.Knoop,C.Antoine,M.Tielemans,C.Abramowicz,D.2000/12adverse effectsanalogs & derivativesAntilipemic AgentsBelgiumBezafibratebloodchemically inducedClofibric AcidCreatinineGemfibrozilHeartHumansIncidenceKidneyKidney DiseasesKidney TransplantationMethodsNephrologyPlasmaPostoperative PeriodProcetofenRetrospective StudiestherapyUreaNot in File19931999Nephrol.Dial.Transplant.1512Department of Nephrology, Hopital Erasme, Brussels, BelgiumPM:11096145Nephrol.Dial.Transplant.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Broeders20001095Fibrate-induced increase in blood urea and creatinine: is gemfibrozil the only innocuous agent?Journal1095Fibrate-induced increase in blood urea and creatinine: is gemfibrozil the only innocuous agent?Broeders,N.Knoop,C.Antoine,M.Tielemans,C.Abramowicz,D.2000/12adverse effectsanalogs & derivativesAntilipemic AgentsBelgiumBezafibratebloodchemically inducedClofibric AcidCreatinineGemfibrozilHeartHumansIncidenceKidneyKidney DiseasesKidney TransplantationMethodsNephrologyPlasmaPostoperative PeriodProcetofenRetrospective StudiestherapyUreaNot in File19931999Nephrol.Dial.Transplant.1512Department of Nephrology, Hopital Erasme, Brussels, BelgiumPM:11096145Nephrol.Dial.Transplant.1Blane19871115Comparative toxicity and safety profile of fenofibrate and other fibric acid derivativesJournal1115Comparative toxicity and safety profile of fenofibrate and other fibric acid derivativesBlane,G.F.1987/11/27adverse effectsAlkaline Phosphataseanalogs & derivativesAnimalsBilirubinCholesterolClinical TrialsClinical Trials as TopicClofibrateCreatineDouble-Blind MethodDrug Evaluation,PreclinicalFranceHumanHumansHyperlipoproteinemiaIncidenceLiverProcetofenPropionatesRandom AllocationSerumSkintoxicityUnited StatesUric AcidNot in File2636Am J Med.835BLaboratoires Fournier, Centre de Recherches de Daix, Dijon, FrancePM:3318450Am J Med.1[104][135,136]. Certains auteurs sont convaincus d’une certaine toxicité rénale des fibrates, notamment lorsque ceux-ci sont prescrits, chez des insuffisants rénaux, en même temps que la ciclosporine  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Broeders20001095Fibrate-induced increase in blood urea and creatinine: is gemfibrozil the only innocuous agent?Journal1095Fibrate-induced increase in blood urea and creatinine: is gemfibrozil the only innocuous agent?Broeders,N.Knoop,C.Antoine,M.Tielemans,C.Abramowicz,D.2000/12adverse effectsanalogs & derivativesAntilipemic AgentsBelgiumBezafibratebloodchemically inducedClofibric AcidCreatinineGemfibrozilHeartHumansIncidenceKidneyKidney DiseasesKidney TransplantationMethodsNephrologyPlasmaPostoperative PeriodProcetofenRetrospective StudiestherapyUreaNot in File19931999Nephrol.Dial.Transplant.1512Department of Nephrology, Hopital Erasme, Brussels, BelgiumPM:11096145Nephrol.Dial.Transplant.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Broeders20001095Fibrate-induced increase in blood urea and creatinine: is gemfibrozil the only innocuous agent?Journal1095Fibrate-induced increase in blood urea and creatinine: is gemfibrozil the only innocuous agent?Broeders,N.Knoop,C.Antoine,M.Tielemans,C.Abramowicz,D.2000/12adverse effectsanalogs & derivativesAntilipemic AgentsBelgiumBezafibratebloodchemically inducedClofibric AcidCreatinineGemfibrozilHeartHumansIncidenceKidneyKidney DiseasesKidney TransplantationMethodsNephrologyPlasmaPostoperative PeriodProcetofenRetrospective StudiestherapyUreaNot in File19931999Nephrol.Dial.Transplant.1512Department of Nephrology, Hopital Erasme, Brussels, BelgiumPM:11096145Nephrol.Dial.Transplant.1[104][135]. D’autres chercheurs ont cependant démontré, en utilisant et en comparant les variations de créatinine avec les variations de DFG « vrai », que les fibrates ne modifiaient pas le DFG mais bien seulement la créatininémie bien que le mécanisme reste mal connu et discuté  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Hottelart20021100Fenofibrate increases creatininemia by increasing metabolic production of creatinineJournal1100Fenofibrate increases creatininemia by increasing metabolic production of creatinineHottelart,C.el Esper,N.Rose,F.Achard,J.M.Fournier,A.2002adverse effectsAgedAlanine TransaminaseanalysisAntilipemic AgentsAspartate AminotransferasesbloodCholesterolChromatography,High Pressure LiquidcomplicationsCreatineCreatine KinaseCreatininedrug therapyEnzymesetiologyFemaleFranceGlomerular Filtration RateHumansHyperlipidemiasKidney FailureL-Lactate DehydrogenaseMaleMiddle AgedMyoglobinNephrologyPlasmaProcetofenRenal Plasma FlowsecretiontherapyTriglyceridesNot in File536541Nephron923Department of Nephrology, CHU Amiens, FrancePM:12372935Nephron1Ansquer20081132Effect of fenofibrate on kidney function: a 6-week randomized crossover trial in healthy peopleJournal1132Effect of fenofibrate on kidney function: a 6-week randomized crossover trial in healthy peopleAnsquer,J.C.Dalton,R.N.Causse,E.Crimet,D.Le Malicot,K.Foucher,C.2008/6AdultAntilipemic AgentsCreatinineCross-Over StudiesCystatin CDiseaseDouble-Blind Methoddrug effectsFemaleFranceGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInulinKidneyMalemetabolismMethodsMiddle AgedpharmacologyPlasmaProcetofenRenal Plasma FlowsecondarysecretionSerumUric AcidNot in File904913Am J Kidney Dis516Laboratoires Fournier, Daix, FrancePM:18501783Am J Kidney Dis1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Hottelart1999115Le fenofibrate augmente la créatininémie mais n'altère pas le débit de filtration glomérulaire chez les patients présentant une insuffisance rénale modéréeJournal115Le fenofibrate augmente la créatininémie mais n'altère pas le débit de filtration glomérulaire chez les patients présentant une insuffisance rénale modéréeHottelart,C.el Esper,N.Achard,J.M.Pruna,A.Fournier,A.1999adverse effectsAgedAntilipemic AgentsbloodcomplicationsCreatinineCross-Over Studiesdrug effectsdrug therapyEnglish AbstractFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanHyperlipoproteinemiaInulinKidney Failure,ChronicKidney TubulesMalemetabolismMiddle AgedNatriuresisp-Aminohippuric AcidpharmacokineticspharmacologyphysiopathologyProcetofenProspective StudiesRenal Circulationtherapeutic usetherapyUreaUric AcidurineNot in File4144Nephrologie201Service de nephrologie-medecine interne, CHU, Hopital Sud, AmiensPM:10081035Nephrologie1Hottelart20021100Fenofibrate increases creatininemia by increasing metabolic production of creatinineJournal1100Fenofibrate increases creatininemia by increasing metabolic production of creatinineHottelart,C.el Esper,N.Rose,F.Achard,J.M.Fournier,A.2002adverse effectsAgedAlanine TransaminaseanalysisAntilipemic AgentsAspartate AminotransferasesbloodCholesterolChromatography,High Pressure LiquidcomplicationsCreatineCreatine KinaseCreatininedrug therapyEnzymesetiologyFemaleFranceGlomerular Filtration RateHumansHyperlipidemiasKidney FailureL-Lactate DehydrogenaseMaleMiddle AgedMyoglobinNephrologyPlasmaProcetofenRenal Plasma FlowsecretiontherapyTriglyceridesNot in File536541Nephron923Department of Nephrology, CHU Amiens, FrancePM:12372935Nephron1Ansquer20081132Effect of fenofibrate on kidney function: a 6-week randomized crossover trial in healthy peopleJournal1132Effect of fenofibrate on kidney function: a 6-week randomized crossover trial in healthy peopleAnsquer,J.C.Dalton,R.N.Causse,E.Crimet,D.Le Malicot,K.Foucher,C.2008/6AdultAntilipemic AgentsCreatinineCross-Over StudiesCystatin CDiseaseDouble-Blind Methoddrug effectsFemaleFranceGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInulinKidneyMalemetabolismMethodsMiddle AgedpharmacologyPlasmaProcetofenRenal Plasma FlowsecondarysecretionSerumUric AcidNot in File904913Am J Kidney Dis516Laboratoires Fournier, Daix, FrancePM:18501783Am J Kidney Dis1[105,106][137-139].
5 La clairance de créatinine sur récolte recueil d’urines des 24 heures
5.1 Intérêts et limites de la clairance de créatinine
La clairance de créatinine calculée sur les urines de 24 heures est connue de tous les praticiens et rencontre, aujourd’hui encore, un certain succès. Pourtant, comme nous l’avons déjà souligné, les limites physiologiques de cette clairance existent et ont été largement décrites, et ce dès le début de son utilisation. En effet, la sécrétion tubulaire de créatinine entraîne une surestimation quasi systématique du DFG. Le facteur le plus limitant est sans doute lié au fait que cette sécrétion est très variable d’un sujet à l’autre et chez un même sujet en fonction de l’évolution de sa fonction rénale. En un mot, la sécrétion tubulaire de créatinine d’un patient est tout à fait imprévisible et donc l’exactitude (liée au biais dû à la sécrétion) de la clairance de créatinine est tout aussi imprévisible  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1Bauer1982282Clinical appraisal of creatinine clearance as a measurement of glomerular filtration rateJournal282Clinical appraisal of creatinine clearance as a measurement of glomerular filtration rateBauer,J.H.Brooks,C.S.Burch,R.N.1982/11AdultbloodCreatininediagnostic useGlomerular Filtration RateHumanHumansHypertensionInulinKidney DiseasesMaleMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismMiddle AgedPlasmaReference ValuesResearch Support,U.S.Gov't,Non-P.H.S.secretionNot in File337346Am.J.Kidney Dis.23PM:7148824Am.J.Kidney Dis.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1Bauer1982282Clinical appraisal of creatinine clearance as a measurement of glomerular filtration rateJournal282Clinical appraisal of creatinine clearance as a measurement of glomerular filtration rateBauer,J.H.Brooks,C.S.Burch,R.N.1982/11AdultbloodCreatininediagnostic useGlomerular Filtration RateHumanHumansHypertensionInulinKidney DiseasesMaleMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismMiddle AgedPlasmaReference ValuesResearch Support,U.S.Gov't,Non-P.H.S.secretionNot in File337346Am.J.Kidney Dis.23PM:7148824Am.J.Kidney Dis.1Dodge1967794Comparison of endogenous creatinine clearance with inulin clearanceJournal794Comparison of endogenous creatinine clearance with inulin clearanceDodge,W.F.Travis,L.B.Daeschner,C.W.1967/6AdolescentAdultBiological TransportbloodChildCircadian RhythmComparative StudyCreatineCreatinineFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInfantInulinKidney TubulesMalemetabolismurineNot in File683692Am J Dis Child1136PM:6026571Am J Dis Child1[20,21][24,26,140]. De très nombreuses études ont illustré cette surestimation du DFG par la clairance de créatinine.  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Bauer2008610Staging of chronic kidney disease: time for a course correctionJournal610Staging of chronic kidney disease: time for a course correctionBauer,C.Melamed,M.L.Hostetter,T.H.2008/5complicationsdiagnosisDietKidneyKidney FailureNephrologyNew YorkPrevalenceRiskRisk FactorsNot in File844846J Am Soc.Nephrol.195Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USAPM:18385419J Am Soc.Nephrol.1Shemesh1985482Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patientsJournal482Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patientsShemesh,O.Golbetz,H.Kriss,J.P.Myers,B.D.1985/11analysisbloodCimetidineComparative StudyCreatinineCross-Sectional StudiesDextransdiagnostic useGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidney DiseasesKidney GlomerulusLongitudinal StudiesMetabolic Clearance RateParticle SizePentetic AcidphysiopathologysecretionSupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.TechnetiumTechnetium Tc 99m PentetateUnited StatesurineNot in File830838Kidney Int.285PM:2418254Kidney Int.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Bauer2008610Staging of chronic kidney disease: time for a course correctionJournal610Staging of chronic kidney disease: time for a course correctionBauer,C.Melamed,M.L.Hostetter,T.H.2008/5complicationsdiagnosisDietKidneyKidney FailureNephrologyNew YorkPrevalenceRiskRisk FactorsNot in File844846J Am Soc.Nephrol.195Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USAPM:18385419J Am Soc.Nephrol.1Shemesh1985482Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patientsJournal482Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patientsShemesh,O.Golbetz,H.Kriss,J.P.Myers,B.D.1985/11analysisbloodCimetidineComparative StudyCreatinineCross-Sectional StudiesDextransdiagnostic useGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidney DiseasesKidney GlomerulusLongitudinal StudiesMetabolic Clearance RateParticle SizePentetic AcidphysiopathologysecretionSupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.TechnetiumTechnetium Tc 99m PentetateUnited StatesurineNot in File830838Kidney Int.285PM:2418254Kidney Int.1Petri1988934Serial assessment of glomerular filtration rate in lupus nephropathyJournal934Serial assessment of glomerular filtration rate in lupus nephropathyPetri,M.Bockenstedt,L.Colman,J.Whiting-O'Keefe,Q.Fitz,G.Sebastian,A.Hellmann,D.1988/12AdultComparative StudyCreatininediagnosisFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInulinLupus NephritismetabolismMiddle AgedTime FactorsNot in File832839Kidney Int.346Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell Arthritis Center, San Francisco, CaliforniaPM:3210545Kidney Int.1Walser19881071Creatinine measurements often yielded false estimates of progression in chronic renal failureJournal1071Creatinine measurements often yielded false estimates of progression in chronic renal failureWalser,M.Drew,H.H.LaFrance,N.D.1988/9analysisBaltimoreComparative StudyCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansIsotopesKidneyKidney Failure,ChronicKidney Function TestsMaleObservationOrganometallic CompoundsPentetic AcidpharmacologyPlasmaRadioisotope Renographyradionuclide imagingResearchsecretionTechnetiumTechnetium Tc 99m PentetateNot in File412418Kidney Int.343Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Baltimore, MarylandPM:3050249Kidney Int.1Coresh19984Creatinine clearance as a measure of GFR in screenees for the African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension pilot studyJournal4Creatinine clearance as a measure of GFR in screenees for the African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension pilot studyCoresh,J.Toto,R.D.Kirk,K.A.Whelton,P.K.Massry,S.Jones,C.Agodoa,L.Van Lente,F.1998/7African Continental Ancestry GroupanalysisCalibrationComparative StudyContrast MediaCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useethnologyFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanHypertension,RenalIodine RadioisotopesIothalamic AcidKidneyKidney DiseasesKidney Function TestsMaleMethodsMiddle AgedPilot ProjectsPredictive Value of TestsSensitivity and SpecificitySupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.urineNot in File3242Am.J.Kidney Dis.321Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA. coresh@jhu.eduPM:9669421Am.J.Kidney Dis.1[65,107][47,84, 87, 141,142].
Il existe aussi des arguments « analytiques », en plus des arguments physiologiques, pour limiter l’usage de la clairance de créatinine. Le principal argument à charge est la très grande variabilité interindividuelle (avec pour difficulté inhérente la difficulté notamment de définir des valeurs de référence correctes) mais, aussi et surtout, intra-individuelle de cette mesure  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1Walser1998118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureJournal118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureWalser,M.1998/7AdultanalysisCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidney Failure,ChronicKidney Function TestsMalepharmacologyphysiopathologysecretionurineNot in File2331Am.J.Kidney Dis.321Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. mwalser@bs.jhmi.eduPM:9669420Am.J.Kidney Dis.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Perrone199214Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsJournal14Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old conceptsPerrone,R.D.Madias,N.E.Levey,A.S.1992/10AgingbloodCreatinineDiabetes MellitusFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidneyKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismphysiologyphysiopathologyurineNot in File19331953Clin.Chem.3810Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston, MA 02111PM:1394976Clin.Chem.1Walser1998118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureJournal118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureWalser,M.1998/7AdultanalysisCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidney Failure,ChronicKidney Function TestsMalepharmacologyphysiopathologysecretionurineNot in File2331Am.J.Kidney Dis.321Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. mwalser@bs.jhmi.eduPM:9669420Am.J.Kidney Dis.1[20,50][24,66]. Le postulat selon lequel l’excrétion urinaire de créatinine chez une même personne reste constante car elle est le reflet de la masse musculaire du sujet n’est pas tout à fait correct. En effet, il existe bien une variabilité intra-individuelle de l’excrétion urinaire de créatinine. Cette variabilité intra-individuelle (ou CV biologique) de l’excrétion urinaire de créatinine se situe entre 5-15% (selon que les auteurs prennent en compte les variations de régime ou pas)  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Greenblatt19761037Variability of 24-hour urinary creatinine excretion by normal subjectsJournal1037Variability of 24-hour urinary creatinine excretion by normal subjectsGreenblatt,D.J.Ransil,B.J.Harmatz,J.S.Smith,T.W.Duhme,D.W.Koch-Weser,J.1976/7AdultBody Surface AreaBody WeightCreatinineHumansMaleMiddle AgedResearchTime FactorsurineNot in File321328J Clin Pharmacol.167PM:947964J Clin Pharmacol.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE BLEILER1962835Creatinine excretion: variability and relationships to diet and body sizeJournal835Creatinine excretion: variability and relationships to diet and body sizeBLEILER,R.E.SCHEDL,H.P.1962/6Body SizeBody WeightCreatineCreatinineDietNutritional Physiological PhenomenaurineNot in File945955J Lab Clin Med.59PM:13869979J Lab Clin Med.1Greenblatt19761037Variability of 24-hour urinary creatinine excretion by normal subjectsJournal1037Variability of 24-hour urinary creatinine excretion by normal subjectsGreenblatt,D.J.Ransil,B.J.Harmatz,J.S.Smith,T.W.Duhme,D.W.Koch-Weser,J.1976/7AdultBody Surface AreaBody WeightCreatinineHumansMaleMiddle AgedResearchTime FactorsurineNot in File321328J Clin Pharmacol.167PM:947964J Clin Pharmacol.1Coresh19984Creatinine clearance as a measure of GFR in screenees for the African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension pilot studyJournal4Creatinine clearance as a measure of GFR in screenees for the African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension pilot studyCoresh,J.Toto,R.D.Kirk,K.A.Whelton,P.K.Massry,S.Jones,C.Agodoa,L.Van Lente,F.1998/7African Continental Ancestry GroupanalysisCalibrationComparative StudyContrast MediaCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useethnologyFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanHypertension,RenalIodine RadioisotopesIothalamic AcidKidneyKidney DiseasesKidney Function TestsMaleMethodsMiddle AgedPilot ProjectsPredictive Value of TestsSensitivity and SpecificitySupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.urineNot in File3242Am.J.Kidney Dis.321Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA. coresh@jhu.eduPM:9669421Am.J.Kidney Dis.1[108][47,76,143]. Si l’on tient compte également de la variabilité intra-inviduelle de la créatinine sérique, la différence critique (c’est-à-dire la différence entre deux mesures chez un même individu qui soit bien liée à une modification du DFG et pas une variation biologique « normale ») de la clairance de créatinine peut théoriquement aller jusqu’à 35-45%. Un patient avec une clairance de 100 ml/min a donc peut-être une clairance qui est, de fait, comprise entre 60 et 140 ml/min  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Morgan1978763The assessment of glomerular function: creatinine clearance or plasma creatinine?Journal763The assessment of glomerular function: creatinine clearance or plasma creatinine?Morgan,D.B.Dillon,S.Payne,R.B.1978/5AdultAge FactorsbloodComparative StudyCreatininediagnostic useHumansKidney DiseasesKidney Function TestsKidney GlomerulusMalemetabolismphysiopathologyPlasmaReference ValuesSex FactorsNot in File302310Postgrad.Med.J54631PM:673986Postgrad.Med.J1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Morgan1978763The assessment of glomerular function: creatinine clearance or plasma creatinine?Journal763The assessment of glomerular function: creatinine clearance or plasma creatinine?Morgan,D.B.Dillon,S.Payne,R.B.1978/5AdultAge FactorsbloodComparative StudyCreatininediagnostic useHumansKidney DiseasesKidney Function TestsKidney GlomerulusMalemetabolismphysiopathologyPlasmaReference ValuesSex FactorsNot in File302310Postgrad.Med.J54631PM:673986Postgrad.Med.J1[82][105]. Le suivi longitudinal de patients avec une donnée possédant une si grande variabilité est donc délicat  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Morgan1978763The assessment of glomerular function: creatinine clearance or plasma creatinine?Journal763The assessment of glomerular function: creatinine clearance or plasma creatinine?Morgan,D.B.Dillon,S.Payne,R.B.1978/5AdultAge FactorsbloodComparative StudyCreatininediagnostic useHumansKidney DiseasesKidney Function TestsKidney GlomerulusMalemetabolismphysiopathologyPlasmaReference ValuesSex FactorsNot in File302310Postgrad.Med.J54631PM:673986Postgrad.Med.J1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE DOOLAN1962786A clinical appraisal of the plasma concentration and endogenous clearance of creatinineJournal786A clinical appraisal of the plasma concentration and endogenous clearance of creatinineDOOLAN,P.D.ALPEN,E.L.THEIL,G.B.1962/1CreatineCreatinineKidney Function TestsmetabolismPlasmaNot in File6579Am J Med.32PM:13887292Am J Med.1Morgan1978763The assessment of glomerular function: creatinine clearance or plasma creatinine?Journal763The assessment of glomerular function: creatinine clearance or plasma creatinine?Morgan,D.B.Dillon,S.Payne,R.B.1978/5AdultAge FactorsbloodComparative StudyCreatininediagnostic useHumansKidney DiseasesKidney Function TestsKidney GlomerulusMalemetabolismphysiopathologyPlasmaReference ValuesSex FactorsNot in File302310Postgrad.Med.J54631PM:673986Postgrad.Med.J1[82][21, 105].
Il existe donc une variabilité de l’excrétion urinaire de créatinine (intra et inter-individus), il y a aussiqu’il faut ajouter à une variabilité de la sécrétion tubulaire de créatinine et il y a laet à la variabilité analytique de la mesure de la créatinine dans le sang et les urines  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Ransil19771147Evidence for systematic temporal variation in 24-hour urinary creatinine excretionJournal1147Evidence for systematic temporal variation in 24-hour urinary creatinine excretionRansil,B.J.Greenblatt,D.J.Koch-Weser,J.1977/2AdultAnalysis of VarianceBody HeightBody WeightCreatinineHumansMaleMiddle AgedResearchTime FactorsurineNot in File108119J Clin Pharmacol.172-3PM:833341J Clin Pharmacol.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Ransil19771147Evidence for systematic temporal variation in 24-hour urinary creatinine excretionJournal1147Evidence for systematic temporal variation in 24-hour urinary creatinine excretionRansil,B.J.Greenblatt,D.J.Koch-Weser,J.1977/2AdultAnalysis of VarianceBody HeightBody WeightCreatinineHumansMaleMiddle AgedResearchTime FactorsurineNot in File108119J Clin Pharmacol.172-3PM:833341J Clin Pharmacol.1[109][144]. Néanmoins, en pratique clinique, la source d’erreur la plus importante dans la mesure de la clairance de créatinine est, sans aucun doute, celle liée aux erreurs de recueil d’urines  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Brochner-Mortensen1976912Selection of routine method for determination of glomerular filtration rate in adult patientsJournal912Selection of routine method for determination of glomerular filtration rate in adult patientsBrochner-Mortensen,J.Rodbro,P.1976/1AdultAgedbloodComparative StudyCreatininediagnosisFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansHypertensionKidney DiseasesMaleMethodsMiddle AgedPlasmaNot in File3543Scand.J Clin Lab Invest361PM:1257694Scand.J Clin Lab Invest1Morgan1978763The assessment of glomerular function: creatinine clearance or plasma creatinine?Journal763The assessment of glomerular function: creatinine clearance or plasma creatinine?Morgan,D.B.Dillon,S.Payne,R.B.1978/5AdultAge FactorsbloodComparative StudyCreatininediagnostic useHumansKidney DiseasesKidney Function TestsKidney GlomerulusMalemetabolismphysiopathologyPlasmaReference ValuesSex FactorsNot in File302310Postgrad.Med.J54631PM:673986Postgrad.Med.J1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Brochner-Mortensen1976912Selection of routine method for determination of glomerular filtration rate in adult patientsJournal912Selection of routine method for determination of glomerular filtration rate in adult patientsBrochner-Mortensen,J.Rodbro,P.1976/1AdultAgedbloodComparative StudyCreatininediagnosisFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansHypertensionKidney DiseasesMaleMethodsMiddle AgedPlasmaNot in File3543Scand.J Clin Lab Invest361PM:1257694Scand.J Clin Lab Invest1Morgan1978763The assessment of glomerular function: creatinine clearance or plasma creatinine?Journal763The assessment of glomerular function: creatinine clearance or plasma creatinine?Morgan,D.B.Dillon,S.Payne,R.B.1978/5AdultAge FactorsbloodComparative StudyCreatininediagnostic useHumansKidney DiseasesKidney Function TestsKidney GlomerulusMalemetabolismphysiopathologyPlasmaReference ValuesSex FactorsNot in File302310Postgrad.Med.J54631PM:673986Postgrad.Med.J1Walser1998118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureJournal118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureWalser,M.1998/7AdultanalysisCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidney Failure,ChronicKidney Function TestsMalepharmacologyphysiopathologysecretionurineNot in File2331Am.J.Kidney Dis.321Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. mwalser@bs.jhmi.eduPM:9669420Am.J.Kidney Dis.1[82,110][66,105,145]. Des variations intra-individuelles d’un jour à l’autre jusqu’à 70% ont été décrites pour ce qui est du recueil d’urine  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Walser1998118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureJournal118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureWalser,M.1998/7AdultanalysisCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidney Failure,ChronicKidney Function TestsMalepharmacologyphysiopathologysecretionurineNot in File2331Am.J.Kidney Dis.321Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. mwalser@bs.jhmi.eduPM:9669420Am.J.Kidney Dis.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Walser1998118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureJournal118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureWalser,M.1998/7AdultanalysisCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidney Failure,ChronicKidney Function TestsMalepharmacologyphysiopathologysecretionurineNot in File2331Am.J.Kidney Dis.321Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. mwalser@bs.jhmi.eduPM:9669420Am.J.Kidney Dis.1[50][66]. Dans le cadre d’une étude clinique où le recueil urinaire est bien expliqué aux participants, Toto estime que 16% des récoltes d’urine sont entachées d’erreurs  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Toto19971085Evaluation of serum creatinine for estimating glomerular filtration rate in African Americans with hypertensive nephrosclerosis: results from the African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) Pilot StudyJournal1085Evaluation of serum creatinine for estimating glomerular filtration rate in African Americans with hypertensive nephrosclerosis: results from the African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) Pilot StudyToto,R.D.Kirk,K.A.Coresh,J.Jones,C.Appel,L.Wright,J.Campese,V.Olutade,B.Agodoa,L.1997/2AdultAfrican AmericansAfrican Continental Ancestry GroupAgedbloodBlood PressureComparative StudycomplicationsCreatinineDiseaseFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansHypertensionHypertension,RenalKidneyKidney Function TestsMaleMethodsMiddle AgedNephrosclerosisphysiologyphysiopathologyPilot ProjectsResearchSerumUnited StatesurineNot in File279287J Am Soc.Nephrol.82Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 75235-8856, USAPM:9048347J Am Soc.Nephrol.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Toto19971085Evaluation of serum creatinine for estimating glomerular filtration rate in African Americans with hypertensive nephrosclerosis: results from the African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) Pilot StudyJournal1085Evaluation of serum creatinine for estimating glomerular filtration rate in African Americans with hypertensive nephrosclerosis: results from the African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) Pilot StudyToto,R.D.Kirk,K.A.Coresh,J.Jones,C.Appel,L.Wright,J.Campese,V.Olutade,B.Agodoa,L.1997/2AdultAfrican AmericansAfrican Continental Ancestry GroupAgedbloodBlood PressureComparative StudycomplicationsCreatinineDiseaseFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansHypertensionHypertension,RenalKidneyKidney Function TestsMaleMethodsMiddle AgedNephrosclerosisphysiologyphysiopathologyPilot ProjectsResearchSerumUnited StatesurineNot in File279287J Am Soc.Nephrol.82Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 75235-8856, USAPM:9048347J Am Soc.Nephrol.1[111][146].
Toutes ces limitations expliquent pourquoi, aujourd’hui, la clairance de créatinine sur récolte recueil d’urines des 24 heures n’est plus recommandée, en première intention, par aucune une société savante. Le manque de sensibilité de la clairance de créatinine est surtout flagrant pour le suivi longitudinal des patients. A ce jour, la mesure de la clairance de créatinine n’est plus recommandée que pour les patients présentant une masse musculaire particulièrement diminuée (anorexie, paraplégie, amputation). En effet, dans ce cas-là, les formules basées sur la créatinine sont tout à fait imprécises  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE National Kidney Foundation20022K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratificationJournal2K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratificationNational Kidney Foundation2002/2AdultAge FactorsCardiovascular DiseasesChildChronic DiseaseclassificationcomplicationsetiologyHumanKidney DiseasestherapyUnited StatesNot in FileS1266Am.J.Kidney Dis.392 Suppl 1PM:11904577Am.J.Kidney Dis.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE National Kidney Foundation20022K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratificationJournal2K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratificationNational Kidney Foundation2002/2AdultAge FactorsCardiovascular DiseasesChildChronic DiseaseclassificationcomplicationsetiologyHumanKidney DiseasestherapyUnited StatesNot in FileS1266Am.J.Kidney Dis.392 Suppl 1PM:11904577Am.J.Kidney Dis.1[112][147]. Dans ces situations cliniques bien particulières, une mesure précise du DFG par une méthode de référence semblerait aussi très utile.
5.2 Clairance de créatinine corrigée par la prise de cimétidine
Comme nous l’avons déjà évoqué, la cimétidine bloque la sécrétion tubulaire de créatinine. Plusieurs auteurs ont recommandé l’utilisation d’une récolted’un recueil d’urines avec prise concomitante de cimétidine pour améliorer la précision de la clairance de créatinine. Le concept est intéressant du point de vue physiologique. Tout d’abord, la cimétidine n’influence pas le DFG, ce qui est, bien évidemment, une condition sine qua non à son utilisation dans la mesure du DFG  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Shemesh1985482Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patientsJournal482Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patientsShemesh,O.Golbetz,H.Kriss,J.P.Myers,B.D.1985/11analysisbloodCimetidineComparative StudyCreatinineCross-Sectional StudiesDextransdiagnostic useGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidney DiseasesKidney GlomerulusLongitudinal StudiesMetabolic Clearance RateParticle SizePentetic AcidphysiopathologysecretionSupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.TechnetiumTechnetium Tc 99m PentetateUnited StatesurineNot in File830838Kidney Int.285PM:2418254Kidney Int.1van Acker1992113Creatinine clearance during cimetidine administration for measurement of glomerular filtration rateJournal113Creatinine clearance during cimetidine administration for measurement of glomerular filtration ratevan Acker,B.A.Koomen,G.C.Koopman,M.G.de Waart,D.R.Arisz,L.1992/11/28administration & dosageAdolescentAdultAgedAged,80 and overbloodCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useDose-Response Relationship,Drugdrug effectsEvaluation StudiesFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidney DiseasesKidney TubulesMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismMiddle AgedpharmacokineticspharmacologyphysiopathologyReproducibility of ResultssecretionurineNot in File13261329Lancet3408831Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, NetherlandsPM:1360044Lancet1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Shemesh1985482Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patientsJournal482Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patientsShemesh,O.Golbetz,H.Kriss,J.P.Myers,B.D.1985/11analysisbloodCimetidineComparative StudyCreatinineCross-Sectional StudiesDextransdiagnostic useGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidney DiseasesKidney GlomerulusLongitudinal StudiesMetabolic Clearance RateParticle SizePentetic AcidphysiopathologysecretionSupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.TechnetiumTechnetium Tc 99m PentetateUnited StatesurineNot in File830838Kidney Int.285PM:2418254Kidney Int.1van Acker1992113Creatinine clearance during cimetidine administration for measurement of glomerular filtration rateJournal113Creatinine clearance during cimetidine administration for measurement of glomerular filtration ratevan Acker,B.A.Koomen,G.C.Koopman,M.G.de Waart,D.R.Arisz,L.1992/11/28administration & dosageAdolescentAdultAgedAged,80 and overbloodCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useDose-Response Relationship,Drugdrug effectsEvaluation StudiesFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidney DiseasesKidney TubulesMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismMiddle AgedpharmacokineticspharmacologyphysiopathologyReproducibility of ResultssecretionurineNot in File13261329Lancet3408831Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, NetherlandsPM:1360044Lancet1[65,66][84,85]. En 1986, Shemesh est probablement un des premiers auteurs à proposer l’utilisation de la clairance de créatinine avec prise de cimétidine pour mieux estimer le DFG. Chez 12 patients insuffisants rénaux pour qui le DFG et la clairance de créatinine ont été mesurées simultanément à plusieurs reprises, Shemesh réalise, après l’injection intraveineuse de 300 mg de cimétidine, une nouvelle clairance de créatinine et d’inuline sur quatre heures. Il constate qu’après cimétidine, le DFG n’est pas modifié et que le rapport clairance de créatinine sur clairance d’inuline diminue significativement (de 1,67±0,1 à 1,16±0,06). Ces résultats intéressants seront confirmés par la suite par d’autres  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Hilbrands1991920Cimetidine improves the reliability of creatinine as a marker of glomerular filtrationJournal920Cimetidine improves the reliability of creatinine as a marker of glomerular filtrationHilbrands,L.B.Artz,M.A.Wetzels,J.F.Koene,R.A.1991/12administration & dosageAdultadverse effectsAgedBiological MarkersbloodCimetidineComparative StudyCreatininediagnostic useEdetic AcidFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInulinMaleMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismMiddle AgedNetherlandspharmacokineticsphysiologySerumNot in File11711176Kidney Int.406Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Nijmegen, The NetherlandsPM:1762320Kidney Int.1van Acker1992113Creatinine clearance during cimetidine administration for measurement of glomerular filtration rateJournal113Creatinine clearance during cimetidine administration for measurement of glomerular filtration ratevan Acker,B.A.Koomen,G.C.Koopman,M.G.de Waart,D.R.Arisz,L.1992/11/28administration & dosageAdolescentAdultAgedAged,80 and overbloodCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useDose-Response Relationship,Drugdrug effectsEvaluation StudiesFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidney DiseasesKidney TubulesMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismMiddle AgedpharmacokineticspharmacologyphysiopathologyReproducibility of ResultssecretionurineNot in File13261329Lancet3408831Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, NetherlandsPM:1360044Lancet1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Roubenoff1990919Oral cimetidine improves the accuracy and precision of creatinine clearance in lupus nephritisJournal919Oral cimetidine improves the accuracy and precision of creatinine clearance in lupus nephritisRoubenoff,R.Drew,H.Moyer,M.Petri,M.Whiting-O'Keefe,Q.Hellmann,D.B.1990/10/1AdultBaltimoreCimetidineConfidence IntervalsCreatininediagnostic useDouble-Blind Methoddrug effectsFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInulinLupus NephritisMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismNephritisphysiopathologyRandom AllocationReproducibility of ResultsSerumurineNot in File501506Ann.Intern.Med.1137Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MarylandPM:2393206Ann.Intern.Med.1Hilbrands1991920Cimetidine improves the reliability of creatinine as a marker of glomerular filtrationJournal920Cimetidine improves the reliability of creatinine as a marker of glomerular filtrationHilbrands,L.B.Artz,M.A.Wetzels,J.F.Koene,R.A.1991/12administration & dosageAdultadverse effectsAgedBiological MarkersbloodCimetidineComparative StudyCreatininediagnostic useEdetic AcidFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInulinMaleMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismMiddle AgedNetherlandspharmacokineticsphysiologySerumNot in File11711176Kidney Int.406Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Nijmegen, The NetherlandsPM:1762320Kidney Int.1van Acker1992113Creatinine clearance during cimetidine administration for measurement of glomerular filtration rateJournal113Creatinine clearance during cimetidine administration for measurement of glomerular filtration ratevan Acker,B.A.Koomen,G.C.Koopman,M.G.de Waart,D.R.Arisz,L.1992/11/28administration & dosageAdolescentAdultAgedAged,80 and overbloodCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useDose-Response Relationship,Drugdrug effectsEvaluation StudiesFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidney DiseasesKidney TubulesMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismMiddle AgedpharmacokineticspharmacologyphysiopathologyReproducibility of ResultssecretionurineNot in File13261329Lancet3408831Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, NetherlandsPM:1360044Lancet1[66,113][85,148,149]. Il existe cependant des différences substantielles entre les différents protocoles d’utilisation de la cimétidine (dose administrée et cinétique d’administration). De plus, aucun protocole ne garantit un blocage complet de la sécrétion tubulaire de créatinine. Il nous semble que le protocole recommandé par Van Acker (1200 mg en dose unique per os et mesure de clairance entre la 3ème et la 6ème heure suivant la prise) est le plus convaincant et le plus sûr pour un blocage complet de la sécrétion tubulaire  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE van Acker1992113Creatinine clearance during cimetidine administration for measurement of glomerular filtration rateJournal113Creatinine clearance during cimetidine administration for measurement of glomerular filtration ratevan Acker,B.A.Koomen,G.C.Koopman,M.G.de Waart,D.R.Arisz,L.1992/11/28administration & dosageAdolescentAdultAgedAged,80 and overbloodCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useDose-Response Relationship,Drugdrug effectsEvaluation StudiesFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidney DiseasesKidney TubulesMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismMiddle AgedpharmacokineticspharmacologyphysiopathologyReproducibility of ResultssecretionurineNot in File13261329Lancet3408831Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, NetherlandsPM:1360044Lancet1Walser1998118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureJournal118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureWalser,M.1998/7AdultanalysisCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidney Failure,ChronicKidney Function TestsMalepharmacologyphysiopathologysecretionurineNot in File2331Am.J.Kidney Dis.321Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. mwalser@bs.jhmi.eduPM:9669420Am.J.Kidney Dis.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE van Acker1992113Creatinine clearance during cimetidine administration for measurement of glomerular filtration rateJournal113Creatinine clearance during cimetidine administration for measurement of glomerular filtration ratevan Acker,B.A.Koomen,G.C.Koopman,M.G.de Waart,D.R.Arisz,L.1992/11/28administration & dosageAdolescentAdultAgedAged,80 and overbloodCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useDose-Response Relationship,Drugdrug effectsEvaluation StudiesFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanInulinKidney DiseasesKidney TubulesMetabolic Clearance RatemetabolismMiddle AgedpharmacokineticspharmacologyphysiopathologyReproducibility of ResultssecretionurineNot in File13261329Lancet3408831Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, NetherlandsPM:1360044Lancet1Walser1998118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureJournal118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureWalser,M.1998/7AdultanalysisCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidney Failure,ChronicKidney Function TestsMalepharmacologyphysiopathologysecretionurineNot in File2331Am.J.Kidney Dis.321Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. mwalser@bs.jhmi.eduPM:9669420Am.J.Kidney Dis.1[50,66][66,85]. Cette méthodologie reste cependant relativement lourde (,même si c’est le plus simple des protocoles,) au niveau pratique et nécessite un recueil urinaire avec les erreurs potentielles qui l’accompagnent. Cette méthodologie, souvent citée, et bien connue des néphrologues reste donc, tout compte fait, peu utilisée que ce soit en pratique quotidienne ou même dans les études cliniques.
5.3 Clairance combinée d’urée et de créatinine
Certains auteurs ont également proposé d’utiliser la moyenne de la clairance de créatinine et d’urée car la clairance d’urée sous-estime le DFG (vu l’absorption tubulaire d’urée) et compenserait la surestimation induite par la clairance de créatinine  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Bauer1982979Renal function studies in man with advanced renal insufficiencyJournal979Renal function studies in man with advanced renal insufficiencyBauer,J.H.Brooks,C.S.Burch,R.N.1982/7AdultAgedCreatinineFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInulinKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismMiddle AgedphysiopathologysecretionUreaNot in File3035Am J Kidney Dis21PM:7102662Am J Kidney Dis1Lubowitz196713Glomerular filtration rate. Determination in patients with chronic renal diseaseJournal13Glomerular filtration rate. Determination in patients with chronic renal diseaseLubowitz,H.Slatopolsky,E.Shankel,S.Rieselbach,R.E.Bricker,N.S.1967/1/23AdolescentAdultAgedbloodBlood Urea NitrogenCreatineFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateGlomerulonephritisHumanInulinMaleMiddle AgedphysiopathologyPyelonephritisRadiometryUreaurineNot in File252256JAMA1994PM:6071183JAMA1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Bauer1982979Renal function studies in man with advanced renal insufficiencyJournal979Renal function studies in man with advanced renal insufficiencyBauer,J.H.Brooks,C.S.Burch,R.N.1982/7AdultAgedCreatinineFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInulinKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismMiddle AgedphysiopathologysecretionUreaNot in File3035Am J Kidney Dis21PM:7102662Am J Kidney Dis1Lubowitz196713Glomerular filtration rate. Determination in patients with chronic renal diseaseJournal13Glomerular filtration rate. Determination in patients with chronic renal diseaseLubowitz,H.Slatopolsky,E.Shankel,S.Rieselbach,R.E.Bricker,N.S.1967/1/23AdolescentAdultAgedbloodBlood Urea NitrogenCreatineFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateGlomerulonephritisHumanInulinMaleMiddle AgedphysiopathologyPyelonephritisRadiometryUreaurineNot in File252256JAMA1994PM:6071183JAMA1[67,114][86,150]. Le premier auteur à proposer cette clairance combinée est Lubowitz en 1967  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Lubowitz196713Glomerular filtration rate. Determination in patients with chronic renal diseaseJournal13Glomerular filtration rate. Determination in patients with chronic renal diseaseLubowitz,H.Slatopolsky,E.Shankel,S.Rieselbach,R.E.Bricker,N.S.1967/1/23AdolescentAdultAgedbloodBlood Urea NitrogenCreatineFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateGlomerulonephritisHumanInulinMaleMiddle AgedphysiopathologyPyelonephritisRadiometryUreaurineNot in File252256JAMA1994PM:6071183JAMA1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Lubowitz196713Glomerular filtration rate. Determination in patients with chronic renal diseaseJournal13Glomerular filtration rate. Determination in patients with chronic renal diseaseLubowitz,H.Slatopolsky,E.Shankel,S.Rieselbach,R.E.Bricker,N.S.1967/1/23AdolescentAdultAgedbloodBlood Urea NitrogenCreatineFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateGlomerulonephritisHumanInulinMaleMiddle AgedphysiopathologyPyelonephritisRadiometryUreaurineNot in File252256JAMA1994PM:6071183JAMA1[114][150]. Cette clairance combinée a été, par la suite, étudiée dans différentes études avec des résultats assez disparates  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Lubowitz196713Glomerular filtration rate. Determination in patients with chronic renal diseaseJournal13Glomerular filtration rate. Determination in patients with chronic renal diseaseLubowitz,H.Slatopolsky,E.Shankel,S.Rieselbach,R.E.Bricker,N.S.1967/1/23AdolescentAdultAgedbloodBlood Urea NitrogenCreatineFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateGlomerulonephritisHumanInulinMaleMiddle AgedphysiopathologyPyelonephritisRadiometryUreaurineNot in File252256JAMA1994PM:6071183JAMA1Lavender1969933The measurement of glomerular filtration-rate in renal diseaseJournal933The measurement of glomerular filtration-rate in renal diseaseLavender,S.Hilton,P.J.Jones,N.F.1969/12/6ChromiumChromium IsotopesCreatininediagnosisDiseaseEdetic AcidGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInulinKidney DiseasesUreaurineNot in File12161218Lancet27632PM:4187812Lancet1Bauer1982979Renal function studies in man with advanced renal insufficiencyJournal979Renal function studies in man with advanced renal insufficiencyBauer,J.H.Brooks,C.S.Burch,R.N.1982/7AdultAgedCreatinineFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInulinKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismMiddle AgedphysiopathologysecretionUreaNot in File3035Am J Kidney Dis21PM:7102662Am J Kidney Dis1Levey19991A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study GroupJournal1A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study GroupLevey,A.S.Bosch,J.P.Lewis,J.B.Greene,T.Rogers,N.Roth,D.1999/3/16Age FactorsbloodChronic DiseaseComparative StudyCreatinineCross-Sectional Studiesdiet therapyEthnic GroupsFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidney Failure,ChronicMalemetabolismMethodsMiddle AgedphysiopathologyRegression AnalysisSerum AlbuminSex FactorsStatistics,NonparametricSupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.UreaNot in File461470Ann.Intern.Med.1306New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA. Andrew.Levey@es.nemc.orgPM:10075613Ann.Intern.Med.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Lubowitz196713Glomerular filtration rate. Determination in patients with chronic renal diseaseJournal13Glomerular filtration rate. Determination in patients with chronic renal diseaseLubowitz,H.Slatopolsky,E.Shankel,S.Rieselbach,R.E.Bricker,N.S.1967/1/23AdolescentAdultAgedbloodBlood Urea NitrogenCreatineFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateGlomerulonephritisHumanInulinMaleMiddle AgedphysiopathologyPyelonephritisRadiometryUreaurineNot in File252256JAMA1994PM:6071183JAMA1Lavender1969933The measurement of glomerular filtration-rate in renal diseaseJournal933The measurement of glomerular filtration-rate in renal diseaseLavender,S.Hilton,P.J.Jones,N.F.1969/12/6ChromiumChromium IsotopesCreatininediagnosisDiseaseEdetic AcidGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInulinKidney DiseasesUreaurineNot in File12161218Lancet27632PM:4187812Lancet1Bauer1982979Renal function studies in man with advanced renal insufficiencyJournal979Renal function studies in man with advanced renal insufficiencyBauer,J.H.Brooks,C.S.Burch,R.N.1982/7AdultAgedCreatinineFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInulinKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismMiddle AgedphysiopathologysecretionUreaNot in File3035Am J Kidney Dis21PM:7102662Am J Kidney Dis1Levey19991A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study GroupJournal1A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study GroupLevey,A.S.Bosch,J.P.Lewis,J.B.Greene,T.Rogers,N.Roth,D.1999/3/16Age FactorsbloodChronic DiseaseComparative StudyCreatinineCross-Sectional Studiesdiet therapyEthnic GroupsFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidney Failure,ChronicMalemetabolismMethodsMiddle AgedphysiopathologyRegression AnalysisSerum AlbuminSex FactorsStatistics,NonparametricSupport,U.S.Gov't,P.H.S.UreaNot in File461470Ann.Intern.Med.1306New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA. Andrew.Levey@es.nemc.orgPM:10075613Ann.Intern.Med.1[67,114-116][86,150-152]. Une telle clairance combinée ne s’est, en fait, révélée intéressante que pour les DFG déjà très diminués (inférieurs à 20 ml/min/1,73 m²) ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Bauer1982979Renal function studies in man with advanced renal insufficiencyJournal979Renal function studies in man with advanced renal insufficiencyBauer,J.H.Brooks,C.S.Burch,R.N.1982/7AdultAgedCreatinineFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInulinKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismMiddle AgedphysiopathologysecretionUreaNot in File3035Am J Kidney Dis21PM:7102662Am J Kidney Dis1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Bauer1982979Renal function studies in man with advanced renal insufficiencyJournal979Renal function studies in man with advanced renal insufficiencyBauer,J.H.Brooks,C.S.Burch,R.N.1982/7AdultAgedCreatinineFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInulinKidney DiseasesMalemetabolismMiddle AgedphysiopathologysecretionUreaNot in File3035Am J Kidney Dis21PM:7102662Am J Kidney Dis1[67][86]. De plus, force est de reconnaître que les bases physiologiques d’une telle utilisation sont très faibles voire inexistantes (on pondère en fait les erreurs de deux clairances qui ne sont pas liées entre elles) ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Walser1998118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureJournal118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureWalser,M.1998/7AdultanalysisCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidney Failure,ChronicKidney Function TestsMalepharmacologyphysiopathologysecretionurineNot in File2331Am.J.Kidney Dis.321Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. mwalser@bs.jhmi.eduPM:9669420Am.J.Kidney Dis.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Walser1998118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureJournal118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureWalser,M.1998/7AdultanalysisCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidney Failure,ChronicKidney Function TestsMalepharmacologyphysiopathologysecretionurineNot in File2331Am.J.Kidney Dis.321Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. mwalser@bs.jhmi.eduPM:9669420Am.J.Kidney Dis.1[50][66].
Pour conclure sur la clairance de créatinine et à la suite de nombreux autres auteurs, nous pouvons affirmer que la clairance de créatinine n’apporte finalement que peu de choses en plus par rapport à la créatinine sérique seule et aux équations d’estimation basées sur la créatinine  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Walser1998118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureJournal118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureWalser,M.1998/7AdultanalysisCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidney Failure,ChronicKidney Function TestsMalepharmacologyphysiopathologysecretionurineNot in File2331Am.J.Kidney Dis.321Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. mwalser@bs.jhmi.eduPM:9669420Am.J.Kidney Dis.1Morgan1978763The assessment of glomerular function: creatinine clearance or plasma creatinine?Journal763The assessment of glomerular function: creatinine clearance or plasma creatinine?Morgan,D.B.Dillon,S.Payne,R.B.1978/5AdultAge FactorsbloodComparative StudyCreatininediagnostic useHumansKidney DiseasesKidney Function TestsKidney GlomerulusMalemetabolismphysiopathologyPlasmaReference ValuesSex FactorsNot in File302310Postgrad.Med.J54631PM:673986Postgrad.Med.J1Toto19971085Evaluation of serum creatinine for estimating glomerular filtration rate in African Americans with hypertensive nephrosclerosis: results from the African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) Pilot StudyJournal1085Evaluation of serum creatinine for estimating glomerular filtration rate in African Americans with hypertensive nephrosclerosis: results from the African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) Pilot StudyToto,R.D.Kirk,K.A.Coresh,J.Jones,C.Appel,L.Wright,J.Campese,V.Olutade,B.Agodoa,L.1997/2AdultAfrican AmericansAfrican Continental Ancestry GroupAgedbloodBlood PressureComparative StudycomplicationsCreatinineDiseaseFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansHypertensionHypertension,RenalKidneyKidney Function TestsMaleMethodsMiddle AgedNephrosclerosisphysiologyphysiopathologyPilot ProjectsResearchSerumUnited StatesurineNot in File279287J Am Soc.Nephrol.82Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 75235-8856, USAPM:9048347J Am Soc.Nephrol.1National Kidney Foundation20022K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratificationJournal2K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratificationNational Kidney Foundation2002/2AdultAge FactorsCardiovascular DiseasesChildChronic DiseaseclassificationcomplicationsetiologyHumanKidney DiseasestherapyUnited StatesNot in FileS1266Am.J.Kidney Dis.392 Suppl 1PM:11904577Am.J.Kidney Dis.1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Walser1998118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureJournal118Assessing renal function from creatinine measurements in adults with chronic renal failureWalser,M.1998/7AdultanalysisCimetidineCreatininediagnosisdiagnostic useFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumanKidney Failure,ChronicKidney Function TestsMalepharmacologyphysiopathologysecretionurineNot in File2331Am.J.Kidney Dis.321Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. mwalser@bs.jhmi.eduPM:9669420Am.J.Kidney Dis.1Dodge1967794Comparison of endogenous creatinine clearance with inulin clearanceJournal794Comparison of endogenous creatinine clearance with inulin clearanceDodge,W.F.Travis,L.B.Daeschner,C.W.1967/6AdolescentAdultBiological TransportbloodChildCircadian RhythmComparative StudyCreatineCreatinineFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInfantInulinKidney TubulesMalemetabolismurineNot in File683692Am J Dis Child1136PM:6026571Am J Dis Child1Morgan1978763The assessment of glomerular function: creatinine clearance or plasma creatinine?Journal763The assessment of glomerular function: creatinine clearance or plasma creatinine?Morgan,D.B.Dillon,S.Payne,R.B.1978/5AdultAge FactorsbloodComparative StudyCreatininediagnostic useHumansKidney DiseasesKidney Function TestsKidney GlomerulusMalemetabolismphysiopathologyPlasmaReference ValuesSex FactorsNot in File302310Postgrad.Med.J54631PM:673986Postgrad.Med.J1Toto19971085Evaluation of serum creatinine for estimating glomerular filtration rate in African Americans with hypertensive nephrosclerosis: results from the African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) Pilot StudyJournal1085Evaluation of serum creatinine for estimating glomerular filtration rate in African Americans with hypertensive nephrosclerosis: results from the African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) Pilot StudyToto,R.D.Kirk,K.A.Coresh,J.Jones,C.Appel,L.Wright,J.Campese,V.Olutade,B.Agodoa,L.1997/2AdultAfrican AmericansAfrican Continental Ancestry GroupAgedbloodBlood PressureComparative StudycomplicationsCreatinineDiseaseFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansHypertensionHypertension,RenalKidneyKidney Function TestsMaleMethodsMiddle AgedNephrosclerosisphysiologyphysiopathologyPilot ProjectsResearchSerumUnited StatesurineNot in File279287J Am Soc.Nephrol.82Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 75235-8856, USAPM:9048347J Am Soc.Nephrol.1National Kidney Foundation20022K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratificationJournal2K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratificationNational Kidney Foundation2002/2AdultAge FactorsCardiovascular DiseasesChildChronic DiseaseclassificationcomplicationsetiologyHumanKidney DiseasestherapyUnited StatesNot in FileS1266Am.J.Kidney Dis.392 Suppl 1PM:11904577Am.J.Kidney Dis.1[50,82,111,112][66,105,140,146,147].
6 Conclusions
La créatinine sérique reste un paramètre biologique fondamental pour apprécier la fonction rénale des nos patients. Aujourd’hui, les formules basées sur la créatinine et notamment la formule MDRD (pour « Modification of Diet in Renal Disease ») sont utilisées à larges échelles et notamment la formule MDRD (pour « Modification of Diet in Renal Disease »). La créatinine sérique est le facteur ayant le plus de poids dans cette formule. La relation DFG-créatinine étant exponentielle (figure 2), de petites faibles variations de créatinine dans les valeurs basses auront de grandesune répercussion importantes en terme de DFG estimé. La précision des formules basées sur la créatinine reste donc, aujourd’hui, très dépendante de la précision de la mesure de la créatinine, elle-même. Ainsi, la précision d’une méthode de Jaffe ne permet pas de donner une valeur de DFG estimé par la formule de MDRD suffisamment précise en cas de DFG supérieur à 60 ml/min. Ce seuil de 60 ml/min pourrait probablement être élevé à 80 ou 90 ml/min/1,73 m² si des méthodes enzymatiques et IDMS traçable étaient universellement utilisées  ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Delanaye2008631Formula-based estimates of the GFR: equations variable and uncertainJournal631Formula-based estimates of the GFR: equations variable and uncertainDelanaye,P.Cohen,E.P.2008BelgiumCreatinineDietepidemiologyGlomerular Filtration RateKidneyLaboratoriesPrevalenceNot in Filec48c53Nephron Clin Pract.1101Department of Nephrology-Dialysis, University of Liege, CHU Sart Tilman, Liege, Belgium. pierre_delanaye@yahoo.frPM:18708727Nephron Clin Pract.1Levey20051745Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO)Journal1745Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO)Levey,A.S.Eckardt,K.U.Tsukamoto,Y.Levin,A.Coresh,J.Rossert,J.de Zeeuw,D.Hostetter,T.H.Lameire,N.Eknoyan,G.2005/6AlbuminuriaChronic DiseaseclassificationCreatinineDialysisDietDiseaseDisease ProgressionEnglandetiologyFiltrationGlomerular Filtration RateHealthHumansKidneyKidney DiseasesKidney FailureNephrologyPractice GuidelinesProteinuriaResearchRiskRisk FactorsSerumurineNot in File20892100Kidney Int.676Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA. alevey@tufts-nemc.orgPM:15882252Kidney Int.1Seronie-Vivien20081133Evolution des modalités d'évaluation de la fonction rénale basée sur la créatinine entre 2005 et 2008: conséquences pour les biologistesJournal1133Evolution des modalités d'évaluation de la fonction rénale basée sur la créatinine entre 2005 et 2008: conséquences pour les biologistesSeronie-Vivien,S.Pieroni,L.Galteau,M.M.Carlier,M.C.Hanser,A.M.Cristol,J.P.2008/5bloodChronic DiseaseCreatininediagnosisEnglish AbstractFranceGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidney DiseasesMass SpectrometryMethodsPractice Guidelines as TopicNot in File263268Ann.Biol Clin (Paris)663Departement de biologie clinique, Institut Claudius Regaud, Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France. seronie-vivien.sophie@claudiusregaud.frPM:18558564Ann.Biol Clin (Paris)1 ADDIN REFMGR.CITE Delanaye2008631Formula-based estimates of the GFR: equations variable and uncertainJournal631Formula-based estimates of the GFR: equations variable and uncertainDelanaye,P.Cohen,E.P.2008BelgiumCreatinineDietepidemiologyGlomerular Filtration RateKidneyLaboratoriesPrevalenceNot in Filec48c53Nephron Clin Pract.1101Department of Nephrology-Dialysis, University of Liege, CHU Sart Tilman, Liege, Belgium. pierre_delanaye@yahoo.frPM:18708727Nephron Clin Pract.1Levey20051745Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO)Journal1745Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO)Levey,A.S.Eckardt,K.U.Tsukamoto,Y.Levin,A.Coresh,J.Rossert,J.de Zeeuw,D.Hostetter,T.H.Lameire,N.Eknoyan,G.2005/6AlbuminuriaChronic DiseaseclassificationCreatinineDialysisDietDiseaseDisease ProgressionEnglandetiologyFiltrationGlomerular Filtration RateHealthHumansKidneyKidney DiseasesKidney FailureNephrologyPractice GuidelinesProteinuriaResearchRiskRisk FactorsSerumurineNot in File20892100Kidney Int.676Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA. alevey@tufts-nemc.orgPM:15882252Kidney Int.1Seronie-Vivien20081133Evolution des modalités d'évaluation de la fonction rénale basée sur la créatinine entre 2005 et 2008: conséquences pour les biologistesJournal1133Evolution des modalités d'évaluation de la fonction rénale basée sur la créatinine entre 2005 et 2008: conséquences pour les biologistesSeronie-Vivien,S.Pieroni,L.Galteau,M.M.Carlier,M.C.Hanser,A.M.Cristol,J.P.2008/5bloodChronic DiseaseCreatininediagnosisEnglish AbstractFranceGlomerular Filtration RateHumansKidney DiseasesMass SpectrometryMethodsPractice Guidelines as TopicNot in File263268Ann.Biol Clin (Paris)663Departement de biologie clinique, Institut Claudius Regaud, Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France. seronie-vivien.sophie@claudiusregaud.frPM:18558564Ann.Biol Clin (Paris)1[45,46,64][59,60,83].
Nous avons discuté et beaucoup insisté, dans cette revue, sur les limites de la créatinine sérique. Il faut néanmoins rappeler ses mérites, qui existent bien, sans quoi son succès non démenti depuis plus d’un siècle, serait assez incompréhensible. En effet, la créatinine sérique reste utile pour estimer la fonction rénale de par son excellente spécificité (peu de faux positifs) et, ses performances analytiques plus qu’acceptables (surtout en ce qui concerne les méthodes enzymatiques)., eEnfin, son faible prix de revient assure un excellent rapport coût/bénéfice. La voie de la standardisation est aussi actuellement ouverte et de nombreux efforts semblent avoir été réalisés par les fabricants pour rendre les différentes méthodes de mesure « IDMS traçable ».reproductibles. Le dosage de la créatinine est centenaire mais il bénéficie ponctuellement de cures de jouvence qui contribuent, aujourd’hui encore, à le rendre indispensable.










Figure 1 : Contrôle de qualité national de la créatinine en 2008 illustrant la disparité des résultats donnés selon la méthode de dosage.

Figure 2 : Relation DFG-créatinine.














































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